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PMEA makes normal low-character spaces collectionwise normal
Statement
Work in (The Axiom of Choice), as on this page. Under PMEA every normal space of character below is collectionwise normal; under PMEA- every first countable normal space is collectionwise normal (PMEA and PMEA-sigma, Normalized families and collectionwise normality, First countable space: a countable neighbourhood base at every point).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A normal space ; under PMEA an open neighbourhood base at each of cardinality , and under PMEA- with first countability a countable open local base at each ; and a discrete family of closed subsets of . Such open bases may be used without increasing cardinality by replacing every base member with its interior, which is an open neighbourhood of contained in (Neighbourhood of a point and neighbourhood base, with this library's convention that a neighbourhood need not be open).
The three-quarter separation estimate: under PMEA with nonempty downwards-directed neighbourhood families of size less than satisfying the open-refinement hypothesis of [F2], and under PMEA- for first countable with countable local bases, there is with and for , , (The PMEA three-quarter separation estimate).
A neighbourhood base at contains, for each open , a member with ; so the hypothesis of [F1] is met whenever (First countable space: a countable neighbourhood base at every point, Neighbourhood of a point and neighbourhood base, with this library's convention that a neighbourhood need not be open).
Collectionwise normality asks that every discrete family of closed sets be separated by pairwise disjoint open expansions (Normalized families and collectionwise normality, Discrete families and -locally-finite and -discrete bases).
Proof
If or the discrete family is empty, empty expansions suffice. Otherwise use AC to choose one local base of the stated size at each point, and replace its members by their interiors. This is an image of the original base, so its cardinality does not increase; each interior contains the point, and the image remains a local base. Fix the discrete family and the open neighbourhood bases from the Given line, with , or with in the first countable case.
Each is nonempty, by applying its base property to . For , the open intersection contains , so [F2] supplies with . This is precisely downward directedness; the original base need not be closed under finite intersections and is not enlarged. If with open, [F2] likewise supplies a base member inside . Apply [F1] to and the bases , obtaining with whenever , , .
For each put . Each selected belongs to the open base , so is open; it contains because , and distinct are disjoint by step 2.1. Hence is separated and is collectionwise normal.
Remarks
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Character, not weight. The hypothesis is pointwise, so the theorem applies to every normal Moore space once PMEA- is available, since Moore spaces are first countable (Moore spaces and developments).
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Fremlin's remark (b) after Theorem 8F. The proof needs only as much additivity as the size of the local bases, which is why the countably additive version suffices in the first countable case.
Depends on
- The PMEA three-quarter separation estimate
- Normalized families and collectionwise normality
- First countable space: a countable neighbourhood base at every point
- Normal spaces and $T_4$ spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes $T_1$ stated explicitly
- Discrete families and $\sigma$-locally-finite and $\sigma$-discrete bases
- Neighbourhood of a point and neighbourhood base, with this library's convention that a neighbourhood need not be open
- PMEA and PMEA-sigma
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
26 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- D. H. Fremlin, Real-valued-measurable cardinals (standard reference, not scraped)
- Dennis K. Burke, The Normal Moore Space Problem (standard reference, not scraped)