How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Convergence in probability is metrized by
Statement
Durrett's exercise gives the equivalent bounded-transform metric with integrand ; the proof below establishes the variant.
The formula is a metric on real random variables modulo almost-sure equality. Moreover,
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Real random variables , and a sequence , on one probability space.
The proposed formula for on almost-sure classes is (A metric for convergence in probability). Expectation of integrable random variables is unchanged by almost-sure replacement (Expectation depends only on the almost-everywhere class).
A nonnegative measurable function has integral zero exactly when it is zero almost everywhere (A nonnegative measurable function has integral exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere).
Convergence in probability means that every fixed positive tail probability tends to zero (Convergence in probability).
Proof
The displayed integrand is measurable, nonnegative and bounded by , so its expectation is finite. Almost-sure replacement of either representative leaves the integrand unchanged almost surely and hence leaves its expectation unchanged by [L1]. Symmetry is immediate. The real triangle inequality and for give pointwise. Taking expectations gives the triangle inequality.
For , on the integrand is at least , while on its complement it is at most and everywhere it is at most . Splitting the expectation over those events yields .
If , [L2] makes almost surely, hence almost surely. Conversely, almost-sure equality makes the expectation zero. Thus is a metric on almost-sure classes.
If , the first inequality gives convergence in probability for each ; for a larger threshold, bound its tail event by the tail event at threshold . Conversely, convergence in probability and the second inequality give for every , hence .
Depends on
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
Cited to discharge well-definedness by A metric for convergence in probability.
Dependency tree · two levels
15 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Rick Durrett, Probability: Theory and Examples, 5th ed., Exercise 3.2.8 (comparison metric) (standard reference, not scraped)