How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced — the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted — a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated — a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
A normal space is regular, hence , hence Urysohn, Hausdorff, and
Statement
Let be a space, that is a normal space (Normal spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes stated explicitly, (Kolmogorov) and (Frechet) spaces). Then is regular (Regular spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether regularity includes stated explicitly), hence , and therefore also Urysohn (Urysohn () space: distinct points have neighbourhoods with disjoint closures), Hausdorff (Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not), and .
The hypothesis is not decoration. Normality alone implies none of the conclusions: the indiscrete topology on a two-point set is normal and not even , which is recorded among this page's false statements.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A topological space that is normal and , a closed set and a point .
Normality: disjoint closed sets admit disjoint open supersets (Normal spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes stated explicitly).
is regular when a point and a closed set not containing it admit disjoint open supersets; means regular and (Regular spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether regularity includes stated explicitly).
In a space every singleton is closed (A space is if and only if every singleton is closed, if and only if every finite subset is closed, if and only if its topology contains the cofinite topology, clause (b)).
Every regular space is Urysohn, every Urysohn space is Hausdorff, and every Hausdorff space is and hence (Every Urysohn space is Hausdorff, every Hausdorff space is and hence , and every regular space is Urysohn).
Proof
is closed, since is .
, since .
By [A1] applied to the disjoint closed sets and there are disjoint open and ; in particular .
Since and were arbitrary, step 2.1 shows that is regular; being also , it is .
By [L2] the space is Urysohn, hence Hausdorff, hence and ; with step 3.1 this is the whole statement.
Remarks
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The proof is one line and the hypothesis does all the work. Normality separates two closed sets; the hypothesis is exactly what turns the point into one of them. This is the pattern of every " implies " argument in the chain, and it is why this library never builds silently into the words regular and normal (Normal spaces and spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes stated explicitly).
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The converse is not proved here and is not asserted. Whether a space must be normal is left open on this page: every witness reachable from this page's material would need machinery it does not have, so no false statement asserting a reversal is planted here (Conventions on this page, and the one implication of the classical chain that is not available at this point in the reading order).
Depends on
- Normal spaces and $T_4$ spaces, with the source disagreement over whether normality includes $T_1$ stated explicitly
- Regular spaces and $T_3$ spaces, with the source disagreement over whether regularity includes $T_1$ stated explicitly
- $T_0$ (Kolmogorov) and $T_1$ (Frechet) spaces
- A space is $T_1$ if and only if every singleton is closed, if and only if every finite subset is closed, if and only if its topology contains the cofinite topology
- Every Urysohn space is Hausdorff, every Hausdorff space is $T_1$ and hence $T_0$, and every regular $T_1$ space is Urysohn
- Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not
- Urysohn ($T_{2\frac{1}{2}}$) space: distinct points have neighbourhoods with disjoint closures
- Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison
Used by
- In the K-topology on ℝ the closed set K ∪ {0} carries a continuous two-valued function with no continuous extension Counterexample
- FALSE: every normal space is Hausdorff, so the T₁ hypothesis in T₄ is redundant False statement
- The implications proved on this page: perfectly normal gives completely normal under countable choice, and completely normal gives normal; normal with T₁ gives T₃; completely regular gives regular; regular with T₁ gives Urysohn, hence Hausdorff, hence T₁, hence T₀; and metrizable gives every one of them Theorem
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 56 results over 15 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Normal space (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Separation axiom (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- J. Munkres, Topology, 2nd ed., §32 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Urysohn and completely Hausdorff spaces (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)