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Uncountable analytic sets contain compact Cantor copies
Statement
In ZFC every uncountable analytic subset of a Polish space contains a compact subspace homeomorphic to . In particular it contains a nonempty perfect closed subset of . This includes uncountable Borel subsets and uncountable Polish spaces.
Facts & Assumptions
Equivalent analytic normal forms and Borel maps supplies Baire parametrization and includes Borel sets among analytic sets.
Uncountable splitting in a Polish space splits uncountable subsets into disjoint open neighbourhoods with uncountable intersections.
Cantor and Baire sequence spaces and coordinate codings gives compactness and no isolated points of , and the Baire cylinder topology.
Assume The Axiom of Choice.
Proof
Given: Uncountable analytic , in ZFC.
Fix continuous onto A by F1 and A1. We build words indexed by binary words s, with , strict extension on each edge, and uncountable . Given , F2 supplies disjoint opens meeting its image uncountably. Each is open and is the union of all cylinders it contains whose word lengths exceed . There are countably many such cylinders. If every one had countable image, A1 would choose enumerations of the nonempty images and a pairing would enumerate their union, contradicting its uncountability. Thus for each i select the least word code with uncountable image and cylinder inside this preimage, and set it to . It extends and has its image inside . All choices of eligible open pairs can be made on the set of finite words by A1; length recursion then constructs the tree of words.
For set . Strict length growth makes this a full Baire sequence. Agreement on n input bits fixes an output prefix of length at least n, so g is continuous by F3. If z,w first split at a binary node s, their images under lie in the two disjoint opens chosen there in step 1.1. Hence is injective as well as continuous, and its image is contained in A.
The image K is compact by pulling any open cover back to compact and pushing a finite subcover forward. For a point x outside a compact subset of a metric space, the balls about its members y have a finite subcover; the minimum of these finitely many positive radii gives a ball about x missing the compact set. Hence compact sets are closed. Closed subsets of are compact (adjoin the open complement to a cover), so their images under are closed. The inverse of this injection onto K is therefore continuous. Thus K is homeomorphic to , is nonempty and closed, and has no isolated point by F3. Finally Borel A is analytic by F1's normal forms (use its identity map), and X is itself Borel in X. This proves both final special cases. QED.
Depends on
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
14 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Theorem 4.17 and full proof, printed pp38–39; local argument completes the source final extra-care remark (standard reference, not scraped)