Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-12
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The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

ZPP equals RP intersection coRP

Statement

ZPP=RPcoRP.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the randomized classes RP, coRP, and ZPP.

[L1]

RP, coRP, and ZPP are defined by one-sided error, complementary one-sided error, and zero-error expected polynomial time respectively (The classes RP, coRP, ZPP, BPP, and PP).

[L2]

If T is a nonnegative random variable and a>0, then P(Ta)E[T]/a (Markov's inequality on a finite probability space).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Suppose LZPP and let M be a zero-error expected-time machine for L with E[Tx]p(x). Run M for exactly 2p(x) steps and accept iff it has accepted by then. Because M never errs, this truncated machine never accepts a no-instance. By [L2], P(Tx>2p(x))1/2, so on yes-instances it accepts with probability at least 1/2. Thus LRP. By the same truncation with accept and reject swapped, also LcoRP.

L1L2given
1.2

Conversely, suppose LRPcoRP. Choose an RP machine Myes for L and a coRP machine Mno for L. On input x, perform independent rounds; in each round run both machines with fresh randomness. If Myes accepts, accept. If Mno rejects, reject. Otherwise repeat. By [L1], on a yes-instance the first event occurs with probability at least 1/2 and the second never occurs, while on a no-instance the second occurs with probability at least 1/2 and the first never occurs. So the algorithm is zero-error and the expected number of rounds is at most 2.

L1construct
2.1

Each round of step 1.2 uses polynomial time, so the expected runtime is polynomial. Hence LZPP, proving the reverse inclusion. Therefore ZPP=RPcoRP.

step 1.2L1algebra

Depends on

Used by

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Dependency tree · two levels

5 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources