Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-12
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

ZPP equals RP intersection coRP

Statement

ZPP=RP∩coRP.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the randomized classes RP, coRP, and ZPP.

[L1]

RP, coRP, and ZPP are defined by one-sided error, complementary one-sided error, and zero-error expected polynomial time respectively (The classes RP, coRP, ZPP, BPP, and PP).

[L2]

If T is a nonnegative random variable and a>0, then P(T≥a)≤E[T]/a (Markov's inequality on a finite probability space).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L2given

Suppose L∈ZPP and let M be a zero-error expected-time machine for L with E[Tx]≤p(∣x∣). Run M for exactly 2p(∣x∣) steps and accept iff it has accepted by then. Because M never errs, this truncated machine never accepts a no-instance. By [L2], P(Tx>2p(∣x∣))≤1/2, so on yes-instances it accepts with probability at least 1/2. Thus L∈RP. By the same truncation with accept and reject swapped, also L∈coRP.

1.2L1construct

Conversely, suppose L∈RP∩coRP. Choose an RP machine Myes for L and a coRP machine Mno for L. On input x, perform independent rounds; in each round run both machines with fresh randomness. If Myes accepts, accept. If Mno rejects, reject. Otherwise repeat. By [L1], on a yes-instance the first event occurs with probability at least 1/2 and the second never occurs, while on a no-instance the second occurs with probability at least 1/2 and the first never occurs. So the algorithm is zero-error and the expected number of rounds is at most 2.

2.1step 1.2L1algebra∎

Each round of step 1.2 uses polynomial time, so the expected runtime is polynomial. Hence L∈ZPP, proving the reverse inclusion. Therefore ZPP=RP∩coRP.

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

5 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources