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Reflexivity is equivalent to weak subsequential compactness of bounded sequences

Statement

Assume the ultrafilter lemma, DC, and HB. A real or complex Banach space X is reflexive if and only if every norm-bounded sequence in X has a subsequence that converges weakly to a point of X.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the ultrafilter lemma, DC, HB, and a real or complex Banach space X.

[F1]

Under the ultrafilter lemma and HB, X is reflexive if and only if its closed unit ball BX is weakly compact (Reflexive iff unit ball weakly compact).

[F2]

Under the ultrafilter lemma, DC and HB, relative weak compactness, relative weak sequential compactness and relative weak countable compactness are equivalent (Eberlein–Šmulian theorem).

[F3]

Under HB, every nonzero vector has a norm-one scalar-linear functional taking that vector to its norm (Relative dual norming, point separation, and recovery of the norm).

[F4]

The weak topology is initial for all members of X∗, so every such functional and fixed scalar multiplication are weakly continuous (Weak topology on a normed space).

[F5]

The ultrafilter lemma is the statement that every filter on a set is contained in an ultrafilter; DC is the entire-relation chain principle, and HB is the real dominated-extension principle over ZF (The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an N-indexed chain, The real dominated-extension principle as an additional hypothesis over ZF).

Proof

technique · apply Eberlein–Šmulian to the weakly closed unit ball and rescale
1.1F3F4

The norm-closed unit ball BX is weakly closed under HB. Indeed, if x∉BX, then ∥x∥>1 and [F3] gives f∈X∗ with ∥f∥=1 and f(x)=∥x∥. The weakly open set {y:∣f(y)∣>1} contains x and misses BX, since ∣f(y)∣≤∥y∥≤1 there. Thus every exterior point has a weak neighborhood in the complement. This also covers X={0}, when there is no exterior point.

1.2givenalgebra

Suppose X is reflexive and let (xn) be norm bounded. Fix R≥0 with ∥xn∥≤R for every n. If R=0, then xn=0 for all n and the identity subsequence converges weakly to zero. Hence it remains to consider R>0 and the sequence yn=xn/R∈BX.

1.3given

Conversely, suppose every norm-bounded sequence in X has a weakly convergent subsequence. Every sequence in BX is bounded by 1, so it has a subsequence converging weakly to a point of the ambient space X. Thus BX is relatively weakly sequentially compact.

2.1F1F2F4step 1.1step 1.2

In the positive-radius case of step 1.2, [F1] makes BX weakly compact, and step 1.1 makes its weak closure equal to itself, so it is relatively weakly compact. By [F2], some subsequence ynk converges weakly to y∈X. For every f∈X∗, f(xnk)=Rf(ynk)→Rf(y)=f(Ry), so xnk→Ry weakly. Together with the zero-radius case, every bounded sequence has the required subsequence.

2.2F2step 1.1step 1.3

Under the hypothesis of step 1.3, [F2] makes BX relatively weakly compact. Its weak closure is BX by step 1.1, so BX itself is weakly compact.

3.1F1step 2.2

Apply the reverse implication of [F1] to step 2.2. The weak compactness of BX implies that X is reflexive.

4.1F5step 2.1step 3.1∎

Steps 2.1 and 3.1 prove the two implications, including X=0, bound R=0, the closed-ball endpoint ∥xn∥=R, and both scalar fields. The ultrafilter lemma is spent through the compact-unit-ball criterion and Eberlein–Šmulian, DC through Eberlein–Šmulian, and HB through those two suppliers and dual norming; no full Axiom of Choice is used.

Remarks

Source notes

Teschl's Theorem 4.30, printed pp. 127–128, proves the forward bounded- sequence conclusion for reflexive spaces. Haase's Theorem E.17, printed pp. 355–356, supplies the compact/sequential equivalence used in both directions. The converse here also uses the already-authored compact-unit-ball characterization and proves the ball's weak closedness explicitly, so relative compactness is not silently replaced by compactness.

Depends on

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