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DefinitionDefinition: Literature-sourcedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-22
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Tautological degree-one class on a real projective bundle

Definition

Assume AC, and let E→B be a numerable real vector bundle of rank n≥1 over an paracompact Hausdorff CGWH base of CW homotopy type. Put P(E) and γE as in Real projective bundle and tautological line; both are numerable.

The projective total space is paracompact Hausdorff CGWH of CW type and the tautological line has the refined numeration of the projective-bundle definition. The stable-Grassmannian classification theorem therefore gives a classifying map c:P(E)⟶Gr⁡1(R∞)=RP∞ with c∗γ1≅γE, where γ1 is the tautological line. Here a classifying map means precisely a map with this bundle-pullback isomorphism.

Let a∈H1(RP∞;F2) be the fixed generator of H∗(RP∞;F2)≅F2[a] supplied by Mod-two cohomology ring of infinite real projective space. The tautological degree-one class of E is xE:=c∗a∈H1(P(E);F2), computed for a chosen classifying map c of γE. The definition uses neither w1 nor any Stiefel–Whitney class, and no Thom class. Independence of xE from the choice of c is proved in The tautological degree-one class is well defined and fiber generating; all later statements about xE are read modulo that lemma. For n=1 the identification P(E)≅B of the projective-bundle definition presents xE as a class in H1(B;F2).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: AC, a numerable real rank-n bundle E→B with n≥1 over an paracompact Hausdorff CGWH base of CW homotopy type, and the bundles P(E),γE of Real projective bundle and tautological line.

[F1]

Over the specified base under AC, the projective total space is paracompact Hausdorff CGWH of CW type and its tautological line is numerable on refined projective-coordinate charts (Real projective bundle and tautological line).

[F2]

The stable Grassmannian Gr⁡1(R∞) is the chosen model BO⁡(1) of Stiefel spaces, Grassmannians, and tautological bundles, and pullback of its tautological line gives natural bijections [X,BO⁡(1)]≅Vect⁡1R(X) on paracompact Hausdorff CGWH spaces under AC (Real and complex vector bundles are classified by stable Grassmannians).

[F3]

Infinite real projective space has H∗(RP∞;F2)≅F2[a] with ∣a∣=1, and a is the fixed generator (Mod-two cohomology ring of infinite real projective space).

[A1]

AC is the Axiom of Choice in the form fixed by The Axiom of Choice.

Verification

1.1F1F2A1

By [F1], γE is a numerable rank-one real bundle on the paracompact Hausdorff CGWH space P(E). Surjectivity of the classification bijection [F2] gives a map c:P(E)→Gr⁡1(R∞) and a bundle isomorphism c∗γ1≅γE. This is all the classifying-map assertion needed here. AC is inherited from [F1] and [F2].

2.1F2F3step 1.1∎

The class is well typed. The generator a of [F3] is a class in H1(RP∞;F2), and c∗ is defined on it, so xE=c∗a is a class in H1(P(E);F2). The definition has fixed one classifying map; it asserts nothing about other choices, and the next lemma shows that any other choice gives the same class. When n=1, P(E)≅B and γE≅E by the projective-bundle definition, so xE=c∗a is the degree-one cohomology class obtained from a classifying map of E; no injectivity of the assignment of cohomology classes to line bundles is asserted or used here. For the empty base, P(E)=∅ and H1(P(E);F2)=0, so the unique value is xE=0; the rank-zero convention of the projective-bundle definition is not used here because n≥1.

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