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The elliptic form is well defined and bounded on
Statement
Assume Countable Choice. Let and be as in Uniformly elliptic divergence-form operators and their sesquilinear forms with coefficient bounds (measurability and essential boundedness only; uniform ellipticity is not needed for this lemma). Then every term of is absolutely convergent for , the value depends only on the classes, and is a bounded sesquilinear form on with The same bound holds for the restriction of to . The listed coefficient exponents are the whole hypothesis: no extra integrability of products is assumed.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Countable Choice; an open , ; coefficients measurable and essentially bounded with , , almost everywhere; and classes with weak derivatives .
Coefficient hypotheses: each coefficient is a measurable, essentially bounded class with the stated a.e. bounds; the divergence-form operator and its form are those of Uniformly elliptic divergence-form operators and their sesquilinear forms (The essential supremum of a measurable function with respect to a measure, The space of essentially bounded measurable functions, A measurable function between measurable spaces).
Sobolev norms: for the classes and are in , and , and is the a.e. quotient with quotient norms (Integer-order Sobolev spaces and their norms, The space as the quotient by null functions, The norm descends to the quotient and makes a normed space for ).
Weak derivatives depend only on the Sobolev class, and products of measurable classes are measurable and change, as integrands, only on null sets when representatives change (Weak differentiation ignores null-set changes, Complex Lp classes and Euclidean test-function conventions).
Estimates: for real measurable Hölder gives for conjugate exponents, and the general product inequality gives with when ; the complex forms are the componentwise ones of Complex Holder, Minkowski, and the quotient norm; for real vectors Cauchy--Schwarz gives (Holder's inequality for integrals, including the endpoint cases, Generalized Holder inequality puts products into , Cauchy-Schwarz with its equality case, the triangle inequality for , the parallelogram law and polarisation).
Proof
Every integrand is measurable and bounded a.e. by a product of classes: the products , and are measurable by [F1] and [F3], since products of measurable functions are measurable and representatives agree a.e.; the a.e. coefficient bounds turn each of them into an a.e. dominated multiple of a product of two classes, e.g. off a null set.
Principal part: for almost every , Cauchy--Schwarz in applied to the vectors and , together with , gives where . Hence by H"older with exponent , so the principal term converges absolutely.
Drift part: summing the coefficientwise bounds and applying H"older to each gives , since ; the drift term is absolutely convergent.
Reaction part: by H"older.
Bound: adding the three estimates and using and for and gives , so is a bounded form on .
Class independence and sesquilinearity: replacing , or any coefficient by another representative alters each integrand only on a null set, hence leaves every integral unchanged; in particular the two and weak-derivative slots depend only on the classes, and the value is finite by steps 1.2--2.1. Linearity in and conjugate-linearity in hold termwise: the principal and drift terms are linear in the -slot and conjugate-linear in the -slot, and the reaction term is linear in and conjugate-linear in , with the finite sum of absolutely convergent integrals linear separately in each slot. So is a well-defined bounded sesquilinear form on ; on the subspace the same estimate holds with the restricted norm.
Depends on
Complex Lp classes and Euclidean test-function conventions
The Axiom of Countable Choice ()
The essential supremum of a measurable function with respect to a measure
The space of essentially bounded measurable functions
The space as the quotient by null functions
A measurable function between measurable spaces
Integer-order Sobolev spaces and their norms
Uniformly elliptic divergence-form operators and their sesquilinear forms
Weak differentiation ignores null-set changes
Cauchy-Schwarz with its equality case, the triangle inequality for , the parallelogram law and polarisation
Complex Holder, Minkowski, and the quotient norm
Generalized Holder inequality puts products into
Holder's inequality for integrals, including the endpoint cases
The norm descends to the quotient and makes a normed space for
Dependency tree · 2 levels
Sources
- John K. Hunter, Notes on Partial Differential Equations (UC Davis, revised 18 June 2014, complete 242-page two-quarter notes)
- Richard S. Laugesen, Linear Analysis and Partial Differential Equations (University of Illinois, 2020, complete 158-page graduate notes)
- Gerald Teschl, Partial Differential Equations: From Classical to Modern (archived 2025 author manuscript)