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Smooth integral chains compute singular homology

Statement

Assume countable choice ACω. For every finite-dimensional Hausdorff second-countable smooth manifold M without boundary, inclusion of the smooth integral singular chain complex into the ordinary integral singular chain complex induces an isomorphism Hk∞(M;Z)≅Hk(M;Z) in every degree. The isomorphism is natural for smooth maps.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The manifold M, the inclusion of the smooth chain subcomplex, and ACω.

[F1]

Smooth integral singular chain complex: the integral smooth chain groups are free on smooth simplices and form a subcomplex.

[F2]

Smooth singular chains compute singular homology: under ACω, finite continuous chains can be replaced by smooth chains through face-compatible smoothing and prism homotopies; its stated coefficient group is R.

[F3]

The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω): ACω supplies the countable choices used by the smoothing construction.

Proof

Given: M, the integral chain complexes in the statement, and ACω.

1.1F1F2F3given

The proof of [F2] performs replacements on finitely many simplices and their faces, and its homotopy identity is a signed finite sum of faces and prisms. Every coefficient in that construction is 0, 1, or −1; no division or real scalar operation is used. The same replacement and prism formulas therefore define integral chains, commute with the integral boundary, and satisfy the identical chain-homotopy identity generator by generator.

2.1F1F2step 1.1

Let z be an ordinary integral cycle. Apply the finite smoothing construction of [F2] to its support and all faces. It yields a smooth integral cycle Qz and a finite integral chain Pz with Qz−z=∂(Pz). Thus every ordinary integral homology class has a smooth integral representative.

2.2F1F2step 1.1

Now let a smooth integral cycle z bound an ordinary integral chain b. Apply the construction to the finite supports of z and b, using the fixed-face clause on every already-smooth simplex of z. Then Qz=z and ∂(Qb)=Q(∂b)=Qz=z. Hence z already bounds a smooth integral chain.

3.1F1step 2.1step 2.2∎

The inclusion is a chain map by the subcomplex statement [F1], so it induces a homomorphism on homology. Step 2.1 proves surjectivity and step 2.2 proves injectivity. Postcomposition by a smooth map commutes with inclusion on each simplex, so the induced isomorphism is natural. The empty manifold and negative degrees have zero chain groups on both sides.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

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