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Under choice, Ornstein's second construction turns a point-finite metric open cover into a locally finite open refinement
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Every point-finite open cover of a metric space has a locally finite open refinement. Consequently every metric open cover has a locally finite open refinement.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Choice, a metric space , and a point-finite open cover .
The Axiom of Choice permits the cover to be well ordered and used to select its first eligible member (The Axiom of Choice, The well-ordering theorem).
Metric balls are open, and every point has a positive-radius ball inside some cover member (The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement).
A locally finite open refinement is the paracompactness refinement of Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements.
Under choice every metric open cover has a point-finite open refinement (Under choice, every open cover of a metric space has a point-finite open refinement).
Proof
Well order the point-finite cover. For let Put when , and otherwise. Then and lies in some cover member: its radius is strictly below . Assign to the first containing , and let be the union of all assigned to .
The selected smaller balls cover and each lies in its assigned , so is an open refining cover.
Fix . If meets , choose a ball meeting it. We claim . Otherwise , while intersection gives ; hence . Thus the truncation in step 1.1 is inactive at and . But because ; the right-hand ball lies in some cover member by step 1.1. This contradicts the definition of . Thus .
The input cover is point-finite, so belongs to only finitely many . Step 2.2 shows that meets only the corresponding finitely many ; hence the new cover is locally finite.
Hence is a locally finite open refinement of the point-finite cover. For an arbitrary metric open cover, first apply [L1] and then this construction; refinement is transitive, so the result refines the original cover.
Remarks
In the primary paper, part (B) is applied to the point-finite cover obtained in part (A), with that cover renamed . Its local-finiteness test concludes that every new set meeting a fixed small ball has an index for which ; point-finiteness of the input is exactly what turns this conclusion into finiteness. Thus part (B) upgrades part (A) rather than restarting from the original arbitrary cover.
Depends on
Under choice, every open cover of a metric space has a point-finite open refinement
Refinements, locally finite families, point-finite families, and star refinements
The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
The Axiom of Choice
The well-ordering theorem