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Positively oriented bases of an oriented vector space are path-connected
Statement
Let be a finite-dimensional real vector space with an orientation (Orientation of a finite-dimensional real vector space). The set of positively oriented bases of , with the topology it inherits from the linear isomorphisms , is path-connected; indeed any two positively oriented bases are joined by a smooth path of positively oriented bases, equivalently is smoothly path-connected for every (Invertible matrices and the general linear group , Paths, path-connected spaces and path components). In particular, for the oriented vector space with its standard orientation, any two positive bases at can be joined by a continuous path of positive bases.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An oriented finite-dimensional real vector space of dimension , and the group of invertible real matrices of positive determinant.
Fixing one positively oriented basis of , the map is a bijection from (invertible endomorphisms of positive determinant) onto the set of positively oriented bases of , with inverse given by the coordinate matrix in the basis ; the determinant of the coordinate matrix detects positivity of the orientation (Orientation of a finite-dimensional real vector space, Invertible matrices and the general linear group ).
Every invertible matrix is a finite product of elementary matrices, of three types: interchanges , row scalings with , and row additions ; the identity is the empty product (Elementary matrices obtained by applying one elementary row operation to an identity matrix, Every invertible finite square real matrix is a finite product of elementary matrices).
For distinct indices and , let be the matrix that is the identity off the plane and equals in the ordered basis . Its determinant is , so is invertible for every ; its entries are smooth in by The derivatives of sine and cosine are cosine and minus sine (repeated differentiation alternates sine and cosine); and while sends , and fixes the other standard basis vectors, so (Parity and the Pythagorean identity for sine and cosine, Sine and cosine are -Lipschitz on , Rectangular matrix multiplication and the identity matrix , including zero-sized shapes).
The determinant is multiplicative and vanishes exactly on non-invertible matrices; a continuous real function on with no zero and a positive value at one point is positive everywhere (For same-sized finite square matrices over a commutative ring, , An invertible square matrix over a commutative ring has unit determinant, Intermediate value theorem, by bisection with a canonical left-half rule: a continuous function on takes every value between and ).
A path in a topological space is a continuous map from ; the set of positive bases carries the subspace topology transferred by the bijection of [F1], so a continuous family of matrices gives a continuous family of bases (Paths, path-connected spaces and path components).
The standard smooth step function is smooth, equals on and on ; hence for smooth paths , with the formula for and for is a smooth path, with all positive-order derivatives vanishing at the junction (The standard smooth step function).
Proof
(Reduction to matrices.) Fix a positively oriented basis of . By [F1] the map is a bijection whose inverse sends a basis to its coordinate matrix; a family of bases is continuous exactly when its matrix entries in are continuous. Choosing coordinates in identifies with , so it suffices to prove that is path-connected.
(Deforming a factorisation to a diagonal sign matrix.) Let and, by [F2], write with each elementary. Replace each factor by a continuous path , , of invertible matrices with : for use , for with use , for with use , and for use , which starts at by [F3] and ends at ; the endpoint is , , or respectively, all diagonal with entries . Every is invertible: a transvection has determinant one, the scaling paths have a diagonal entry that is a convex combination of the two nonzero numbers and (respectively and ) and so never vanishes, and the fourth path is a product of invertible matrices. Define . Then is invertible for every , , and is a product of matrices each of which is or some , hence a diagonal matrix with entries . Since is continuous, never zero by invertibility, and positive at , [F4] gives for all : so is joined to by a path in .
(From the diagonal sign matrix to the identity.) The diagonal matrix has , so the number of its entries equal to is even. Pair the indices carrying ; for each pair, the matrix that is on and elsewhere is realised by the block at parameter , which equals on that plane at , the identity at , and has determinant throughout by [F3]. Doing this independently on the finitely many disjoint pairs and leaving the remaining coordinates fixed gives a continuous path of invertible matrices with , . Because is orthogonal of determinant , this path lies in ; concatenating it with the smooth path of step 2.1 by the smooth reparametrisation of [F6] yields a smooth path in from to .
(Conclusion.) Every is joined to by a smooth path, and reversing paths joins any two elements of smoothly; hence is smoothly path-connected. By step 1.1 the set of positively oriented bases of is connected by smooth paths of positive bases; applied to the oriented vector space it gives the asserted smooth path of positive bases at . The case is the one-point space . Every ingredient is an explicit formula, and the factorisation is a fixed finite one produced by the elimination theorem, so no choice principle is used.
Depends on
The derivatives of sine and cosine are cosine and minus sine
Invertible matrices and the general linear group
Every invertible finite square real matrix is a finite product of elementary matrices
Elementary matrices obtained by applying one elementary row operation to an identity matrix
Orientation of a finite-dimensional real vector space
Paths, path-connected spaces and path components
Rectangular matrix multiplication and the identity matrix , including zero-sized shapes
For same-sized finite square matrices over a commutative ring,
The determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of its diagonal entries
An invertible square matrix over a commutative ring has unit determinant
Parity and the Pythagorean identity for sine and cosine
Sine and cosine are -Lipschitz on
Intermediate value theorem, by bisection with a canonical left-half rule: a continuous function on takes every value between and
The standard smooth step function