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Chain conditions preserve high cofinalities and ccc preserves cardinals
Statement
In ZFC, if is regular and is -cc, then forcing with preserves every ground-model cofinality at least and every ground-model cardinal at least . In particular ccc forcing preserves all cofinalities and cardinals.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, regular , and a -cc forcing .
Forcing theorem lets maximal antichains decide values of names.
; and ; for a limit ordinal the value is an infinite cardinal with , so it is regular; and every cofinal subset of has cardinality at least , a value that is attained reduces cofinality questions to regular initial ordinals.
Absorption: for cardinals with infinite and , , and when bounds unions and products of infinite well-orderable cardinals.
Forcing preserves ordinals keeps the ordinal scale fixed.
Proof
If , choose for each a maximal antichain below deciding . Each has size , so the ground-model set of possible values has size . Then . AC is used for maximal antichains and their simultaneous selection.
Let be regular and . If a condition forced cofinal, step 1.1 and regularity would put its range inside a ground set of size , which is bounded in , contradiction. Thus regular cofinalities at least are preserved; F2 transfers this to every ground cofinality at least .
Suppose a ground cardinal were collapsed. By F4, some and a condition would force a surjection . Step 1.1 puts its range inside the ground set , with . If , regularity of gives ; if , cardinal arithmetic under AC gives (with the finite cases immediate). Either way cannot force onto . Thus every ground cardinal at least remains a cardinal. For ccc, ; finite and countable cardinals and cofinalities are absolute, so steps 2.1 and 3.1 cover all of them.
Depends on
Closure, distributivity, and chain conditions for forcing orders
Forcing theorem
Forcing preserves ordinals
; and ; for a limit ordinal the value is an infinite cardinal with , so it is regular; and every cofinal subset of has cardinality at least , a value that is attained
Absorption: for cardinals with infinite and , , and when
The Axiom of Choice