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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Chain conditions preserve high cofinalities and ccc preserves cardinals

Statement

In ZFC, if θ is regular and P is θ-cc, then forcing with P preserves every ground-model cofinality at least θ and every ground-model cardinal at least θ. In particular ccc forcing preserves all cofinalities and cardinals.

Proof

1.1F1

If p⊩f˙:μˇ→λˇ, choose for each ξ<μ a maximal antichain below p deciding f˙(ξ). Each has size <θ, so the ground-model set Bξ of possible values has size <θ. Then p⊩ran⁡(f˙)⊆⋃ξ<μBξ. AC is used for maximal antichains and their simultaneous selection.

2.1F2F3step 1.1

Let λ≥θ be regular and μ<λ. If a condition forced f˙:μ→λ cofinal, step 1.1 and regularity would put its range inside a ground set of size max⁡(μ,<θ)<λ, which is bounded in λ, contradiction. Thus regular cofinalities at least θ are preserved; F2 transfers this to every ground cofinality at least θ.

3.1F3F4step 1.1step 2.1∎

Suppose a ground cardinal λ≥θ were collapsed. By F4, some μ<λ and a condition p would force a surjection f˙:μ→λ. Step 1.1 puts its range inside the ground set U=⋃ξ<μBξ, with ∣Bξ∣<θ. If λ=θ, regularity of θ gives ∣U∣<θ; if λ>θ, cardinal arithmetic under AC gives ∣U∣≤μ⋅θ=max⁡(μ,θ)<λ (with the finite cases immediate). Either way p cannot force f˙ onto λ. Thus every ground cardinal at least θ remains a cardinal. For ccc, θ=ℵ1; finite and countable cardinals and cofinalities are absolute, so steps 2.1 and 3.1 cover all of them.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

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