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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-11
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Every permutation of a finite set is a product of pairwise disjoint cycles, uniquely up to reordering and cyclic rotation

Statement

Every permutation of a finite set is a product of pairwise disjoint cycles, uniquely up to reordering the factors and cyclically rotating the entries within each cycle. The identity permutation has the empty disjoint-cycle decomposition.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A finite set X and a permutation σ∈Sym⁡(X); the cyclic subgroup ⟨σ⟩ acts on X by evaluation.

[L1]

A disjoint-cycle decomposition is a product of pairwise disjoint cycles of length at least 2; its omitted one-cycles are the fixed points (Support, fixed points, disjoint cycles, cycle length, disjoint-cycle decompositions, and cycle type).

[L3]

The cyclic subgroup ⟨σ⟩ is exactly the set of integer powers {σr:r∈Z} (⟨g⟩={ gn:n∈Z }, and every cyclic group is abelian).

[L4]

Cycles with disjoint supports commute (Cycles with disjoint supports commute).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenL2L3

The evaluation rule is an action by the Given, and [L3] identifies its orbit at x as {σr(x):r∈Z}; by [L2] these orbits partition X.

2.1step 1.1L1

Fix an orbit O. Since O is finite, the sequence x,σ(x),σ2(x),… first repeats; bijectivity of σ makes the first repeated value x. If the least positive return time is d, then O={x,σ(x),…,σd−1(x)} and σ restricts to the cycle (x σ(x) … σd−1(x)); when d=1, x is fixed.

3.1step 2.1L1L2

The cycles obtained from the non-singleton orbits have pairwise disjoint supports, and their product agrees with σ on each orbit and fixes every singleton orbit. Their product is therefore σ; if every orbit is a singleton, this is the empty product.

4.1step 3.1L1L2L3L4∎

In any disjoint-cycle decomposition of σ, [L4] allows powers to be taken factor by factor, while every factor except the unique one supporting a given point fixes that point. Thus successive powers of σ move the point exactly around that factor's support, so the support is the point's intrinsic ⟨σ⟩-orbit. Hence the factor supports are forced, and the cycle on each support is forced up to its starting point, which is cyclic rotation; only the order of the disjoint factors remains free.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources