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Outer RN escape boundary in selected model
Statement
Let , , and . In the selected ingoing RN model put . Let be the set of points from which a future piecewise- causal path in this model reaches arbitrarily large , using the specified definition Causal solutions, Killing horizons, escape and metric extensions. Then This is the boundary of the stated escape observable on the selected manifold. It makes no claim about conformal infinity, a maximal RN extension, collapse, or cosmic censorship.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The selected ingoing RN metric and time orientation, with the parameter assumptions in the Statement.
Selected ingoing RN extension and time orientation: , and are future null, and .
Smooth causal-cone collar barrier with screen directions: on a collar of the outer root, for every future causal and , when , , and at the root. For , ; hence along every future causal curve piece.
The exponential function is smooth and and The chain rule, in one line from Carathéodory: if is differentiable at and is differentiable at , then is differentiable at with : the integrating factors are differentiable along each curve piece with derivative .
The first fundamental theorem: if is integrable on and continuous at , then ; in particular a continuous has as a primitive: the derivative of an integral of a continuous function is its integrand.
Causal solutions, Killing horizons, escape and metric extensions, Definition (d): the escape set uses continuous future piecewise- causal paths, with finite subdivisions on compact parameter segments and nonzero future causal piece tangents. A single such path must reach arbitrarily large values of the specified radius; the escape boundary is relative to the selected model, without a conformal completion.
Square roots are the unique nonnegative real roots, as in Explicit rational and real power regimes. Paths are continuous and are tested on compact parameter segments as specified in [L1].
Proof
On a compact path segment contained in the collar, write while . From [F2], on each piece, By [F3], . The factor is positive and continuous across the finite partition, so cannot decrease to zero from a positive value while the path remains below the root in the collar. Thus no path starting below can reach the root: if it did, continuity gives a final collar segment starting either at its initial point inside the collar or at the last crossing of a fixed smaller collar lower boundary, and ending at the first root contact. Its starting value of is positive, contradicting this inequality. For a path starting at the root, suppose somewhere in a compact segment. A connected component of the open parameter set then has a left endpoint at which . Restrict to an initial portion of that component lying inside the collar, stopping at its first crossing of if necessary. On this collar portion let . By [F2-F3], on every piece, so [F4] makes nonincreasing across the finite partition. Continuity at the left endpoint gives throughout the component, contradicting . Thus a path from the root cannot make a positive excursion. In particular neither a point below nor a point on the root can escape to .
Fix , , and . For , set Here because , so [F4] gives . The curve has tangent a positive multiple of the future null field in [F1]. Reparameterize by to obtain the path domain in [L1]. It is defined for every finite and therefore reaches arbitrarily large radii in the exact path sense of [L1]. Every point with lies in .
Steps 1.1 and 1.2 show respectively that no point with escapes and every point with escapes. The boundary of this open radial half-space in is the level set . This proves the claim under the conditional escape definition [L1].
Remarks
The current causal-vocabulary Definition (d) fixes the escape observable and its precise path class. The collar estimate and the outgoing null paths are proved for the displayed metric and orientation; no global extension result is imported.
Depends on
Selected ingoing RN extension and time orientation
Smooth causal-cone collar barrier with screen directions
Causal solutions, Killing horizons, escape and metric extensions
Explicit rational and real power regimes
The exponential function is smooth and
The chain rule, in one line from Carathéodory: if is differentiable at and is differentiable at , then is differentiable at with
The first fundamental theorem: if is integrable on and continuous at , then ; in particular a continuous has as a primitive