Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-13
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Existence uniqueness and smooth dependence of geodesics

Statement

Assume ACω. For every (p,v)∈TM there is a unique maximal geodesic γp,v:Ip,v→M with γp,v(0)=p and γp,v′(0)=v. Each Ip,v is an open interval containing zero, the domain G={(t,p,v):t∈Ip,v}⊆R×TM is open, and (t,p,v)↦γp,v(t) is smooth on G.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An initial tangent vector v∈TpM.

[F1]

The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω) is the assumed ACω, and The geodesic spray is a well-defined smooth vector field on TM supplies a smooth spray on the resulting smooth manifold TM, with integral curves exactly the geodesic velocity lifts.

[F2]

Through each point there is a unique maximal integral curve gives a unique maximal integral curve through every point of a smooth manifold, while Local existence, uniqueness, and smooth dependence for manifold integral curves supplies its local initial-value uniqueness and smooth dependence.

[F3]

The fundamental theorem on flows makes the union of those maximal integral-curve domains open and their evaluation map smooth.

Proof

1.1F1F2given

Apply [F2] to the spray at the point v∈TM. It gives a unique maximal integral curve Zv:Iv→TM on an open interval containing zero. By [F1], Zv is the velocity lift of γp,v:=π∘Zv. Since Zv(0)=v, its base point is p, and the base component of the spray equation gives γp,v′(0)=v.

2.1F1F2step 1.1

If a geodesic with these initial data existed on a larger interval, [F1] would make its velocity lift an integral curve of the spray extending Zv, contrary to maximality. The same lift argument and integral-curve uniqueness prove uniqueness on every common interval. Thus Ip,v=Iv and the geodesic is uniquely maximal.

3.1F1F3step 1.1step 2.1

By [F3], {(t,v):t∈Iv} is open in R×TM and (t,v)↦Zv(t) is smooth. This is exactly G after writing v together with its determined base point p. In induced tangent-bundle coordinates the projection π(x,w)=x is smooth, so composing gives the asserted smooth geodesic evaluation.

4.1F1F2F3step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1∎

For v=0, [F1] makes Zv stationary and the maximal geodesic is the constant curve on all of R. In dimension zero every initial vector is zero; for empty M there are no initial vectors. Each maximal domain is open, so it has no included finite endpoints. All conclusions concern one supplied initial vector at a time. The only choice principle is the declared ACω, inherited exactly from the smooth-manifold structure on TM; [F2]–[F3] then apply without another family selection.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources