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Existence uniqueness and smooth dependence of geodesics
Statement
Assume . For every there is a unique maximal geodesic with and . Each is an open interval containing zero, the domain is open, and is smooth on .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An initial tangent vector .
The Axiom of Countable Choice () is the assumed , and The geodesic spray is a well-defined smooth vector field on TM supplies a smooth spray on the resulting smooth manifold , with integral curves exactly the geodesic velocity lifts.
Through each point there is a unique maximal integral curve gives a unique maximal integral curve through every point of a smooth manifold, while Local existence, uniqueness, and smooth dependence for manifold integral curves supplies its local initial-value uniqueness and smooth dependence.
The fundamental theorem on flows makes the union of those maximal integral-curve domains open and their evaluation map smooth.
Proof
Apply [F2] to the spray at the point . It gives a unique maximal integral curve on an open interval containing zero. By [F1], is the velocity lift of . Since , its base point is , and the base component of the spray equation gives .
If a geodesic with these initial data existed on a larger interval, [F1] would make its velocity lift an integral curve of the spray extending , contrary to maximality. The same lift argument and integral-curve uniqueness prove uniqueness on every common interval. Thus and the geodesic is uniquely maximal.
By [F3], is open in and is smooth. This is exactly after writing together with its determined base point . In induced tangent-bundle coordinates the projection is smooth, so composing gives the asserted smooth geodesic evaluation.
For , [F1] makes stationary and the maximal geodesic is the constant curve on all of . In dimension zero every initial vector is zero; for empty there are no initial vectors. Each maximal domain is open, so it has no included finite endpoints. All conclusions concern one supplied initial vector at a time. The only choice principle is the declared , inherited exactly from the smooth-manifold structure on ; [F2]–[F3] then apply without another family selection.