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TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-12
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Fundamental theorem of riemannian geometry

Statement

Every supplied smooth Riemannian metric on a smooth manifold, including a manifold with boundary, has exactly one Levi–Civita connection. The construction adds no choice assumption.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A smooth Riemannian metric g.

[F1]

The Koszul expression defines a smooth affine connection with 2g(∇XY,Z)=K(X,Y,Z) (The koszul formula defines an affine connection).

[F2]

Every Levi–Civita connection must satisfy this same Koszul identity (Koszul formula is necessary for a levi civita connection).

[F3]

Levi–Civita means metric compatibility and torsion freeness (Levi civita connection).

Proof

1.1F1

Take the connection supplied by [F1]. In K(X,Y,Z)+K(X,Z,Y) the two X-derivative terms add to 2Xg(Y,Z), the Y and Z derivative terms cancel, and the bracket terms cancel in pairs by metric symmetry and bracket skew-symmetry. Dividing by two gives g(∇XY,Z)+g(Y,∇XZ)=Xg(Y,Z), proving compatibility.

2.1F1F3step 1.1

In K(X,Y,Z)−K(Y,X,Z) all metric derivative terms cancel. The bracket terms pairing against X and Y cancel because [Z,X]=−[X,Z] and [Z,Y]=−[Y,Z]; the two remaining terms give 2g(Z,[X,Y]). Thus g(∇XY−∇YX−[X,Y],Z)=0 for every local Z. Nondegeneracy gives torsion zero, so the connection is Levi–Civita.

3.1F2step 2.1∎

Any second Levi–Civita connection has exactly the same pairing with every Z by [F2], so nondegeneracy identifies its derivative on every X,Y with the constructed one. This proves uniqueness. Empty and zero-dimensional manifolds have the unique zero operator; dimension one still requires compatibility, supplied in step 1.1. The construction and nondegeneracy argument remain valid at boundary points and use no connection-existence choice theorem.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources