How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Nice-name reduction and the ccc counting bound
Statement
In ZFC, every -name forced to be a subset of a ground-model set is forced equal to a nice name. If is ccc, is infinite, and , then there are at most nice names for subsets of ; in particular at most nice names for reals.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, , and the additional cardinal hypotheses for the count.
Nice names for subsets of a ground-model set gives the target form.
Monotonicity, density, and decision for forcing supplies dense decisions, persistence, and density closure.
Cardinal sum , product and exponentiation , and why they are written apart from the ordinal operations and Absorption: for cardinals with infinite and , , and when provide the displayed exponent laws.
Atomic forcing relation supplies the membership and extensional equality clauses for names.
Proof
For every , choose a maximal antichain below consisting of conditions deciding , retain its positive members , and let . Fix and . Maximality gives a common extension for some . If is positive, persistence makes force membership in , while the coefficient makes force membership in by F4. If is negative, persistence makes force nonmembership in , and incompatibility with every member of leaves no extension of forcing membership in , so the negation clause makes force nonmembership there. Thus conditions agreeing on the membership of each ground element are dense below . Since forces and the displayed coefficients make a name for a subset of , density closure and the two extensional clauses in F4 give . The simultaneous maximal-antichain choice is the first use of AC.
Under ccc, each is countable. There are at most countable subsets of , so a nice name is coded by a -sequence of such subsets and their number is at most . For , cardinal exponentiation gives . These counts use AC to identify all sets with cardinals.