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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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The Chevalley–Eilenberg differential squares to zero

Statement

For every n and every f∈Cn(g,M), one has dn+1dnf=0.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A Lie algebra g, a representation ρ on M, and the differential with the declared signs.

[L1]

The two-sum differential and its zero-based signs are fixed in Chevalley–Eilenberg differential.

[L2]

The representation identity is [ρ(x),ρ(y)]=ρ([x,y]) (Representations of Lie algebras).

[L3]

The bracket satisfies Jacobi (Lie algebras over a field).

Proof

technique · expand and group by term type
1.1L1L2algebra

Expand d(df) using [L1], and let Xij denote the ordered list obtained by omitting xi,xj. For fixed i<j, the outer action by xi followed by the action of xj has coefficient (−1)i+j−1, whereas the reverse order has coefficient (−1)i+j. Their sum is (−1)i+j−1[ρ(xi),ρ(xj)]f(Xij). There is exactly one term in which the outer differential forms [xi,xj] and the inner differential lets that new first argument act; its coefficient is (−1)i+j, so it contributes (−1)i+jρ([xi,xj])f(Xij). These three terms cancel by [L2].

1.2L1algebra

It remains to account for action--bracket terms on three distinct indices. Fix i<j and k∉{i,j}. Let a be the number of i,j that are less than k, and b the number greater than k, so a+b=2. Acting first by xk and then forming [xi,xj] has coefficient (−1)i+j+k−b. Forming [xi,xj] first and then letting xk act has coefficient (−1)i+j+k+1−a. The exponents differ by 1−a+b=3−2a, which is odd, while both terms have the same value ρ(xk)f([xi,xj],Xijk). Thus they cancel. This covers every mixed term with three distinct original indices.

2.1L1L3step 1.11.2algebra∎

Consider the terms in which both differentials use their bracket sums. For two disjoint pairs, the two possible orders have the same scalar sign: the numbers of cross-pair index shifts in the two orders add to 4, so their sign exponents differ by an even integer. Their cochain values are f([xp,xq],[xi,xj],Xijpq) and f([xi,xj],[xp,xq],Xijpq), which cancel because f is alternating. For i<j<k, the three terms in which the second bracket uses the bracket created by the first have common coefficient (−1)i+j+k−1 and bracket sum [[xi,xj],xk]+[[xj,xk],xi]−[[xi,xk],xj]. Since −[[xi,xk],xj]=[[xk,xi],xj], this is zero by Jacobi [L3]. The expansion has now been partitioned into action--action plus created-bracket action (step 1.1), mixed action--bracket terms (step 1.2), disjoint double brackets, and nested double brackets; hence d2f=0. For n<0 or a zero cochain space the assertion is the unique zero composite, and for n=0 step 1.1 is exactly the representation identity.

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources