How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The universal coefficient theorem for homology over a PID
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be a PID, a chain complex of free right -modules, and a left -module. Then naturally in , is exact.
Proof
Given: the Axiom of Choice and the two cycle-boundary short exact sequences of the free PID-complex .
The cycle and boundary modules are free, hence flat. Since is flat, tensoring remains exact. The differential on factors as the resulting surjection followed by the map . The last inclusion stays injective because is flat.
Tensoring gives . By step 1.1, embeds in , and the image of there is exactly the boundary group. Thus the edge map injects into .
The remaining quotient maps by onto . The free presentation identifies this kernel with . All maps come from the natural cycle, boundary and tensor maps, so the sequence is natural in and .