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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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Vanishing of the primary obstruction is equivalent to extension over the next skeleton

Statement

Assume AC for arbitrary families of relative cells. Let f:Xn∪A→Y satisfy the coefficient hypotheses of primary obstruction theory. Then the restriction f∣Xn−1∪A extends over Xn+1∪A if and only if

[θ(f)]=0∈Hn+1(X,A;P).

For a finite relative CW pair, the proof uses only finite choice.

More precisely, if d∈Cn(X,A;P) is any cellular cochain, there is a map fd:Xn∪A→Y equal to f on Xn−1∪A and satisfying d(f,const⁡,fd)=d. This assertion does not say that f and fd are homotopic on the n-skeleton.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

Difference cochains satisfy δd(f0,H,f1)=θ(f0)−θ(f1) (The primary obstruction class is independent of cellular choices).

[F2]

The difference value on an oriented n-cell is the signed homotopy class of the map on the boundary of its prism (Difference cochain between two cellular extensions).

[F3]

On one attached cell, a zero attaching-sphere class is equivalent to extension over its disk (Extending over one cell is equivalent to nullhomotoping the attaching sphere); compatible cell maps glue by the CW pushout.

[A1]

AC is available only for simultaneous choices over arbitrary cell families; finite families need only finite choice (The Axiom of Choice).

Proof

Given: (X,A), f, its coefficient system, and [A1] as in the statement.

1.1F1F3

Suppose the prior-stage restriction extends to F:Xn+1∪A→Y. Put f1=F∣Xn∪A. Every attaching sphere then bounds its characteristic-disk restriction, so θ(f1)=0 by [F3]. The independence theorem, applied to the relevant prior-stage homotopy, gives [θ(f)]=[θ(f1)]=0.

1.2F2

Let d∈Cn(X,A;P) and consider one oriented relative n-cell with characteristic disk Dn and cell map fe. Choose a based sphere map ue:Sn→Y representing the sign-adjusted value d(e) in the stalk fixed by the cell's whisker. There is a relative pinch map q:Dn→Dn∨Sn: choose a small closed ball in the interior, collapse its boundary to the wedge point, map the outside quotient to the first disk by a radial homeomorphism fixed on ∂Dn, and map the collapsed inner ball with degree +1 to the sphere summand. Define fd,e=(fe∨ue)q. It agrees with fe on ∂Dn. In the prism-boundary sphere of [F2], collapse the stationary side and the region on which the two disk maps agree. What remains is exactly the degree-one sphere carrying ue; choosing the sign of ue according to [F2]'s convention therefore gives d(f,const⁡,fd)(e)=d(e).

2.1A1F2step 1.2

Apply Step 1.2 to every relative n-cell. AC in [A1] selects the sphere representatives for an arbitrary family; only finitely many choices occur for a finite pair. The modified cell maps agree with the unchanged map on Xn−1∪A, so the CW pushout and weak topology glue them to fd:Xn∪A→Y, with d(f,const⁡,fd)=d. No homotopy from f to fd on the n-cells is constructed or needed.

3.1A1F1F3step 2.1

Conversely, assume [θ(f)]=0 and choose d with θ(f)=δd. Apply Step 2.1 and put f′=fd. By [F1], θ(f)−θ(f′)=δd=θ(f), hence θ(f′)=0. By [F3], f′ extends over every relative (n+1)-cell. AC selects all fillers for an arbitrary cell family, and the pushout glues them to an extension on Xn+1∪A. This extension restricts to the original map on Xn−1∪A.

4.1step 1.1step 1.2step 2.1step 3.1

Steps 1.2–2.1 also prove the more precise realization assertion, and Steps 1.1 and 3.1 prove both implications. Zero cochains, absent cells, and the case A=X are included. The proof does not say that the original fixed map f extends when merely its cohomology class vanishes: it may first be changed, generally nonhomotopically rel boundary, on the n-cells while staying fixed on the prior skeleton. □

Depends on

Dependency tree · 2 levels

Sources