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A proper stationary projection with the correct end has one sheet

Statement

Let (M,g) be a supplied smooth time-oriented Lorentzian four-manifold of signature (−,+,+,+). Let C={x∈R3:∣x∣>1}, identify D=Rt×C with an open subset of M, and set T=∂t on D. All section extensions and flow graphs below are embedded in M, with g smooth on a neighborhood of them, and spacelikeness is relative to g. Let j(x)=(u∗(x),x) be a supplied smooth existing stationary graph, with interior Σ∗∘=j(C) and a smooth spacelike extension Σ∗ with compact boundary S. With ι∗:Σ∗↪M the inclusion, let h∗=ι∗∗g be the positive-definite induced metric, smooth up to S. Let dh∗ be the infimum of h∗-lengths of piecewise C1 curves in Σ∗ joining the two points, and put ρ∗(p)=inf⁡s∈Sdh∗(p,s), with the boundary included in these curves. Assume compact annular truncations: removing any sufficiently small boundary collar and any sufficiently far graph end ER=j({∣x∣>R}) leaves a compact subset of Σ∗∘. These compact-truncation data are supplied hypotheses; no collar geometry is inferred merely from the interior graph formula.

Let Fw(x)=ϕY(w(x),x):Σ∗→Σw be a supplied admissible smooth embedded spacelike flow graph, with w∣S=0 and Fw(Σ∗∘)⊂D. Put Π∗(t,x)=j(x) and P=Π∗∘Fw on the interiors. Assume the collar-and-end properness hypotheses explicitly: w is small, ∣w∣≤ϵρ∗ near S, and stationary return to Σ∗∘ exists there with aρ∗(x)≤ρ∗(P(x))≤bρ∗(x) for fixed a,b>0. The returns of a sufficiently small source boundary collar U stay in a fixed target boundary collar V with bounded spatial radius, meaning ∣j−1(p)∣≤B for all p∈V and some finite B. On an exterior end ER0 the continuation field equals T. Retain the exact end condition P(x)=x there as an explicit supplied hypothesis.

Suppose Tp∉TpΣw at every p∈Σw∘. Then P:Σ∗∘→Σ∗∘ is a proper local diffeomorphism and a global diffeomorphism. Consequently the stationary projection Π∗∣Σw∘ is also a global diffeomorphism onto the actual connected existing graph. The one-sheet conclusion uses both the identity end and bounded collar image to supply a one-point fibre, in addition to properness.

Statement references

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

The stationary product and supplied existing graph give a smooth diffeomorphism j:C→Σ∗∘ and global smooth projection Π∗. In stationary coordinates based on that graph, G∗(s,j(x))=(s+u∗(x),x), the field T is the vertical translation field. Compact annular truncations are assumed separately in the Statement, so only the unconditional product/projection part of the existing-graph supplier is invoked here. An existing stationary graph supplies global projection before any estimate

[F2]

Spacelikeness and the induced metric use the supplied ambient Lorentzian metric g. The boundary distance convention uses the infimum of lengths of piecewise C1 curves in the full section with its boundary included. Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data An admissible flow graph is an embedding with its embedded-image smooth structure. A smooth embedding is an injective immersion and a homeomorphism onto its image. On the interiors here the graph map has source and image dimension three. Normal graphs and the nonlinear mean-curvature map Smooth embeddings

[F3]

For an admissible small fixed-boundary flow graph, the stated stationary return, comparable boundary distances, identity end and compact annular truncations imply properness of P. These are the hypotheses of the collar-and-end supplier, explicitly assumed above. The bounded-radius condition on the target collar is also retained for the one-sheet argument. Collar comparison and an exact end projection imply properness

[F4]

A proper C1 map between nonempty Euclidean open sets of equal dimension, with invertible derivative everywhere and connected target, is surjective and has finite evenly covered fibres. A proper Euclidean local diffeomorphism has finite diffeomorphic sheets near every target point

[F5]

Transversality of embedded submanifolds means that their tangent spaces span the ambient tangent space. An embedded submanifold of M×N of dimension dim⁡M, transverse to a vertical fibre, is locally a smooth graph over M. A smooth map whose differential is an isomorphism has a smooth local inverse. Transverse embedded submanifolds An m-dimensional submanifold transverse to vertical fibres is locally a graph The smooth inverse function theorem on manifolds

Proof

Given: The stationary product, supplied sections and flow graph, collar return bounds, compact truncations, identity end and transversality in the Statement.

Goal: Prove properness, local invertibility and the one-sheet global diffeomorphism conclusions.

1.1givenF1F2F5

Use the stationary product coordinates (x,t−u∗(x))∈C×R from [F1]. The projection Π∗ is j composed with first-coordinate projection, and T spans each vertical fibre's tangent line. Since Σw∘ is three-dimensional and Tp∉TpΣw, that tangent space and the vertical line span the four-dimensional ambient tangent space. Thus [F5] applies at every point: the continued embedded graph is locally a smooth graph over C, and Π∗∣Σw∘ is a local diffeomorphism. By [F2], the differential of Fw into its embedded image is an isomorphism between three-dimensional tangent spaces; [F5] gives local smooth inverses. Since Fw is already a bijection onto its image, these inverses agree, so Fw:Σ∗∘→Σw∘ is a diffeomorphism. Hence P is a smooth local diffeomorphism.

1.2givenF3

Apply [F3] to the explicitly supplied graph, return and compact-truncation data to obtain properness of P. Its end restriction P(x)=x on ER0 is the exact end hypothesis in the Statement, also used in [F3].

2.1F1F4F6step 1.1step 1.2

Conjugate by j to obtain f=j−1∘P∘j:C→C. It is smooth with invertible differential by step 1.1. It is proper by step 1.2: for compact L⊂C, f−1(L)=j−1(P−1(j(L))) is compact, using [F6] for the two continuous coordinate maps. The nonempty Euclidean exterior C is connected, so [F4] supplies surjectivity and finite evenly covered fibres. Their cardinality n is locally constant: on an evenly covered neighborhood every sheet contributes exactly one point to each fibre. Each level set of n and its complement are open; connectedness in [F6] therefore makes n constant. Transporting back by j gives the same assertion for P.

3.1givenF1F3F5F6step 1.1step 1.2step 2.1∎

Shrink the source collar U if necessary so P(U)⊂V, and choose R≥R0 sufficiently large. The middle set K=Σ∗∘∖(U∪ER) is compact by the supplied truncation hypothesis. If K is nonempty, the continuous function p↦∣j−1(P(p))∣ has a finite maximum M on K by [F6]; if K is empty take M=0. Choose z∈C with ∣z∣>max⁡{B,M,R} and put y=j(z). No preimage of y lies in U or K, by the bounds on their images. All preimages therefore lie in ER, where P is the identity by step 1.2; since y∈ER, its fibre is exactly {y}. The constant fibre cardinality from step 2.1 is consequently one. Thus P is bijective and its smooth local inverses from step 1.1 agree to give a smooth global inverse. Finally Π∗∣Σw∘=P∘Fw−1 is also a diffeomorphism.

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