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A proper stationary projection with the correct end has one sheet
Statement
Let be a supplied smooth time-oriented Lorentzian four-manifold of signature . Let , identify with an open subset of , and set on . All section extensions and flow graphs below are embedded in , with smooth on a neighborhood of them, and spacelikeness is relative to . Let be a supplied smooth existing stationary graph, with interior and a smooth spacelike extension with compact boundary . With the inclusion, let be the positive-definite induced metric, smooth up to . Let be the infimum of -lengths of piecewise curves in joining the two points, and put , with the boundary included in these curves. Assume compact annular truncations: removing any sufficiently small boundary collar and any sufficiently far graph end leaves a compact subset of . These compact-truncation data are supplied hypotheses; no collar geometry is inferred merely from the interior graph formula.
Let be a supplied admissible smooth embedded spacelike flow graph, with and . Put and on the interiors. Assume the collar-and-end properness hypotheses explicitly: is small, near , and stationary return to exists there with for fixed . The returns of a sufficiently small source boundary collar stay in a fixed target boundary collar with bounded spatial radius, meaning for all and some finite . On an exterior end the continuation field equals . Retain the exact end condition there as an explicit supplied hypothesis.
Suppose at every . Then is a proper local diffeomorphism and a global diffeomorphism. Consequently the stationary projection is also a global diffeomorphism onto the actual connected existing graph. The one-sheet conclusion uses both the identity end and bounded collar image to supply a one-point fibre, in addition to properness.
Statement references
A proper Euclidean local diffeomorphism has finite diffeomorphic sheets near every target point
An existing stationary graph supplies global projection before any estimate
Collar comparison and an exact end projection imply properness
The smooth inverse function theorem on manifolds
Normal graphs and the nonlinear mean-curvature map
Transverse embedded submanifolds
An m-dimensional submanifold transverse to vertical fibres is locally a graph
Facts & Assumptions
The stationary product and supplied existing graph give a smooth diffeomorphism and global smooth projection . In stationary coordinates based on that graph, , the field is the vertical translation field. Compact annular truncations are assumed separately in the Statement, so only the unconditional product/projection part of the existing-graph supplier is invoked here. An existing stationary graph supplies global projection before any estimate
Spacelikeness and the induced metric use the supplied ambient Lorentzian metric . The boundary distance convention uses the infimum of lengths of piecewise curves in the full section with its boundary included. Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data An admissible flow graph is an embedding with its embedded-image smooth structure. A smooth embedding is an injective immersion and a homeomorphism onto its image. On the interiors here the graph map has source and image dimension three. Normal graphs and the nonlinear mean-curvature map Smooth embeddings
For an admissible small fixed-boundary flow graph, the stated stationary return, comparable boundary distances, identity end and compact annular truncations imply properness of . These are the hypotheses of the collar-and-end supplier, explicitly assumed above. The bounded-radius condition on the target collar is also retained for the one-sheet argument. Collar comparison and an exact end projection imply properness
A proper map between nonempty Euclidean open sets of equal dimension, with invertible derivative everywhere and connected target, is surjective and has finite evenly covered fibres. A proper Euclidean local diffeomorphism has finite diffeomorphic sheets near every target point
Transversality of embedded submanifolds means that their tangent spaces span the ambient tangent space. An embedded submanifold of of dimension , transverse to a vertical fibre, is locally a smooth graph over . A smooth map whose differential is an isomorphism has a smooth local inverse. Transverse embedded submanifolds An m-dimensional submanifold transverse to vertical fibres is locally a graph The smooth inverse function theorem on manifolds
Continuous images of compact sets are compact, and continuous real-valued functions on nonempty compact sets attain finite maxima. Connectedness excludes a partition into two nonempty disjoint open sets. A continuous image of a compact space is compact; a continuous real-valued map on a nonempty compact space attains a maximum and a minimum; and a continuous bijection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism Separation of a topological space, connected and disconnected spaces, clopen sets, and connected subsets
Proof
Given: The stationary product, supplied sections and flow graph, collar return bounds, compact truncations, identity end and transversality in the Statement.
Goal: Prove properness, local invertibility and the one-sheet global diffeomorphism conclusions.
Use the stationary product coordinates from [F1]. The projection is composed with first-coordinate projection, and spans each vertical fibre's tangent line. Since is three-dimensional and , that tangent space and the vertical line span the four-dimensional ambient tangent space. Thus [F5] applies at every point: the continued embedded graph is locally a smooth graph over , and is a local diffeomorphism. By [F2], the differential of into its embedded image is an isomorphism between three-dimensional tangent spaces; [F5] gives local smooth inverses. Since is already a bijection onto its image, these inverses agree, so is a diffeomorphism. Hence is a smooth local diffeomorphism.
Apply [F3] to the explicitly supplied graph, return and compact-truncation data to obtain properness of . Its end restriction on is the exact end hypothesis in the Statement, also used in [F3].
Conjugate by to obtain . It is smooth with invertible differential by step 1.1. It is proper by step 1.2: for compact , is compact, using [F6] for the two continuous coordinate maps. The nonempty Euclidean exterior is connected, so [F4] supplies surjectivity and finite evenly covered fibres. Their cardinality is locally constant: on an evenly covered neighborhood every sheet contributes exactly one point to each fibre. Each level set of and its complement are open; connectedness in [F6] therefore makes constant. Transporting back by gives the same assertion for .
Shrink the source collar if necessary so , and choose sufficiently large. The middle set is compact by the supplied truncation hypothesis. If is nonempty, the continuous function has a finite maximum on by [F6]; if is empty take . Choose with and put . No preimage of lies in or , by the bounds on their images. All preimages therefore lie in , where is the identity by step 1.2; since , its fibre is exactly . The constant fibre cardinality from step 2.1 is consequently one. Thus is bijective and its smooth local inverses from step 1.1 agree to give a smooth global inverse. Finally is also a diffeomorphism.
Depends on
- A proper Euclidean local diffeomorphism has finite diffeomorphic sheets near every target point
- An existing stationary graph supplies global projection before any estimate
- Collar comparison and an exact end projection imply properness
- The smooth inverse function theorem on manifolds
- Normal graphs and the nonlinear mean-curvature map
- Smooth embeddings
- Transverse embedded submanifolds
- An m-dimensional submanifold transverse to vertical fibres is locally a graph
- A continuous image of a compact space is compact; a continuous real-valued map on a nonempty compact space attains a maximum and a minimum; and a continuous bijection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism
- Separation of a topological space, connected and disconnected spaces, clopen sets, and connected subsets
- Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data
Dependency tree · 2 levels
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