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Constant homothety preserves the original vacuum and maximal section

Statement

Work in ZFC, including the Axiom of Choice and hence countable choice. Let (M,g,N,o) be a smooth oriented, time-oriented Lorentzian four-manifold of signature (−,+,+,+), with Levi–Civita connection ∇. Let T be a smooth Killing field, m>0 a constant, g^=m−2g and T^=mT. Keep the smooth manifold, orientation o and time-orientation field N fixed. The metric connections coincide and Ric⁡(g^)=Ric⁡(g); in particular, Ric⁡(g)=0 if and only if Ric⁡(g^)=0.

For every fixed open domain D⊂M and subset U⊂D, causal and timelike curves in D, their future and past directions, and their inextendibility are unchanged. Consequently the chronological sets ID±(U), causal sets JD±(U), the chronological exterior ID−(U)∩ID+(U), and the Cauchy sets in D are unchanged. All smooth Killing fields for g are exactly those for g^. If ϕT is a local flow of T, then ϕsT^=ϕmsT on the rescaled flow domain. Their maximal orbit images coincide, and T is complete if and only if T^ is complete; no completeness is assumed.

If bifurcation data are supplied, fix a neighborhood O, two specified smooth embedded null hypersurfaces H+,H− in O, and a smooth embedded spacelike two-surface S diffeomorphic to the two-sphere. Require H+∩H−=S in O and TpH++TpH−=TpM for p∈S; nullness means a one-dimensional radical of the induced form on each branch. Then the same branches and sphere satisfy these conditions for g^. If the supplied branches are also achronal local null boundaries of the causal future and past of S, generated by null geodesics orthogonal to S, those conditions of regular bifurcate null horizon data are preserved too. No Killing generator is assumed to exist.

On any fixed smooth spacelike section Σ, let n be its future unit normal, h=g∣TΣ and k(U,V)=−g(∇Un,V) for tangent U,V. Then n^=mn, h^=m−2h and k^=m−1k as covariant tensors, and tr⁡h^k^=mtr⁡hk; hence maximality is preserved. On two-forms, ⋆g^=⋆g. This is a constant homothety of the same section, not a replacement by an end-normalized graph.

Facts & Assumptions

[A1]

Work in ZFC with the Axiom of Choice: every family of nonempty sets has a choice function. For a sequence (Xn), apply AC to its family of values and compose that choice function with n↦Xn to obtain countable choice. The Axiom of Choice The Axiom of Countable Choice (AC_ω) This carries the countable-choice assumptions of the Lorentzian and metric-connection interfaces in F1 and the Hodge interface in F6, the Axiom of Choice convention of the hypersurface interface in F5, and the inherited ZFC convention of the horizon interface in F4. These are assumptions of the imported interfaces; the constant-scaling calculations make no further choice construction.

[F1]

The Lorentzian and metric-connection interfaces supply causal character, time orientation, the unique torsion-free compatible connection, its Christoffel formula and the curvature/Ricci contraction. Smooth time-oriented Lorentzian four-manifolds: the geometric objects of the model Metric compatibility, torsion freedom and the metric-selected connection class

[F2]

Use locally absolutely continuous causal and timelike curves, their almost-everywhere nonzero directed velocities, reachability and endpoint-limit inextendibility. Cauchy sets count exactly one parameter value on every inextendible causal curve, relative to the fixed domain. Causal curves, chronological and causal reachability, and inextendibility Spacelike hypersurfaces, acausal sets, Cauchy sets, domains of dependence and Cauchy horizons

[F3]

Killing means vanishing flow-defined Lie derivative. The flow interface specifies local flows, and completeness means that every maximal integral curve is defined on all real parameters. Killing fields of a Lorentzian metric Local and global flows generated by a vector field Complete vector fields

[F4]

Use the sphere, transverse null-branch, null-geodesic-generation, local causal-boundary and achronality conventions of the regular-null-horizon-pair definition. The geometric pair and the further regularity conditions are supplied hypotheses, without a Killing-generator existence assertion. Regular bifurcate null horizon data before rigidity

[F5]

The hypersurface interface fixes the future unit normal, induced metric, negative-sign second fundamental form and zero-trace maximality convention. Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data

[F6]

The Hodge interface defines the two-form pairing by raising both covector slots, and the star by its wedge-pairing identity with the oriented metric volume form. Lorentzian exterior calculus and Hodge star

Proof

Given: The complete data and conditional hypotheses in the Statement, with the inherited choice assumptions recorded in A1.

Goal: Establish every stated preservation and scaling claim for the same original section.

1.1givenA1F1algebra

In the Christoffel formula, g^−1=m2g−1 and ∂g^=m−2∂g have cancelling factors because m is constant. Thus ∇^=∇. The curvature operator is built from this connection alone, and its Ricci tensor is the trace of z↦R(z,w)v, so both are unchanged. This proves the Ricci equality and the stated equivalence of Ricci-flatness.

1.2givenA1F3algebra

For any smooth field X with local flow ϕX, differentiating (ϕsX)∗g^=m−2(ϕsX)∗g at zero gives LXg^=m−2LXg. Thus X is Killing for one metric exactly when it is Killing for the other. The map ϕ^(s,p)=ϕT(ms,p) on {(s,p):(ms,p)∈dom⁡ϕT} is smooth, starts at p, has derivative mT and satisfies the flow law. Replacing m by m−1 reverses this correspondence.

2.1F1F2step 1.1

For every tangent vector v, g^(v,v)=m−2g(v,v) and g^(v,N)=m−2g(v,N). Both signs are unchanged. The chart regularity and almost-everywhere nonzero-velocity conditions are metric independent, so exactly the same parametrized causal and timelike curves, with the same directions, are allowed in each fixed D. Endpoint limits use the unchanged topology, so inextendibility is identical. The reachability sets are therefore identical, and each Cauchy-set predicate counts the same parameter values over exactly the same inextendible curves.

2.2F3step 1.2

If γ:I→M is a maximal integral curve of T, then s↦γ(ms) on m−1I is an integral curve of mT. Any extension would, by the inverse reparameterization, extend γ, so it is maximal as well. Parameter multiplication by m is a bijection of these intervals and of R; hence the orbit images agree and every maximal interval is R for one field exactly when it is for the other. This proves the conditional completeness claim.

2.3A1F1F5step 1.1algebra

The vector mn is future-directed, is orthogonal to TΣ, and satisfies g^(mn,mn)=−1, so it is the hatted future unit normal. Restriction gives h^=m−2h. With the common connection and constant m, k^(U,V)=−m−2g(∇U(mn),V)=m−1k(U,V). Contracting with h^−1=m2h−1 gives tr⁡h^k^=mtr⁡hk, which preserves zero trace on this same section.

3.1givenA1F1F2F4step 1.1step 2.1

For supplied bifurcation data, the induced forms on TH± are multiplied by m−2, so their radicals and nullness are unchanged. Spacelikeness of S is preserved by the positive factor; the branch intersections, transversality and sphere topology use the unchanged embeddings. If the additional regular-null-horizon conditions hold, step 2.1 preserves the local causal futures and pasts of S and achronality in O. Their boundaries are unchanged because the topology is fixed. The common connection preserves the generating null geodesics, and g^(L,V)=m−2g(L,V) preserves their orthogonality to S. Thus the same pair and sphere retain all the specified conditions, without invoking any Killing generator.

4.1A1F6step 1.1algebra∎

In four dimensions the oriented volume form scales by ∣det⁡(m−2g)∣/∣det⁡g∣=m−4. The inverse-metric pairing on two-forms scales by m4. Therefore for all two-forms α,β the defining identity gives α∧⋆g^β=⟨α,β⟩g volg=α∧⋆gβ. Uniqueness of the Hodge map in that identity proves ⋆g^=⋆g, completing all claims.

Depends on

Used by · 3

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