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The graph second form and electrovacuum Jacobi potential have weighted order four

Statement

Work in ZFC. Fix 0<α<1. Let (M,g,N,o,F) be a smooth source-free geometric electrovacuum datum of signature (−,+,+,+) with zero cosmological constant. On a normalized stationary Cartesian end (t,x), with r=∣x∣>R0>0, assume that g and F are independent of t, that ∂t is future timelike sufficiently far out, and that g00+1,gij−δij=O5(r−1) and g0i=O5(r−2). Here O5(r−b) means ∣Djf∣≤Cjr−b−j for Cartesian spatial derivatives 0≤j≤5, outside a common radius; spatial indices run from 1 to 3 and are summed when repeated.

Let Σ be a supplied smooth spacelike hypersurface, smooth up to its compact boundary if present, consisting of a compact core and an end given by the smooth maximal graph t=u(x) with ∣Dju∣≤Cr−3/4−j for 0≤j≤4. Assume the ambient data are smooth on a neighborhood of the compact core, and that the stationary electromagnetic coordinate components satisfy F∈C−22,α on the end. All weighted spaces use the componentwise scaled-annulus norm and fixed compact-core chart norms. No existence of this graph is asserted.

Let h be the induced positive-definite metric, n the future unit timelike normal and k(U,W)=−g(∇Un,W) the second fundamental form. Then k∈C−11/42,α and V=∣k∣h2+Ric⁡(g)(n,n)∈C−42,α. If timelike convergence holds, meaning Ric⁡(g)(X,X)≥0 for every timelike tangent vector X at every point of Σ, then V≥0. Smoothness on the compact part completes these weighted statements globally.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

The graph normal has weighted order-four control and the induced metric has a controlled inverse. Induced metric and graph normal inherit the required weighted regularity

[F2]

Graph derivatives through weighted order five are controlled. The maximal equation upgrades pointwise order-four graph decay to weighted order five

[F3]

The geometric Einstein–Maxwell equation is quadratic in the field, with all contractions using the ambient metric. Geometric electrovacuum equations and charge convention

[F4]

The second fundamental form is the tangential covariant derivative of the future normal, with the fixed sign convention. Spacelike sections, maximality and lapse–shift data

[F5]

Weighted Hölder norms use Cartesian derivative weights and the top-derivative Hölder seminorm on rescaled annuli, applied componentwise to finite arrays, together with fixed compact-core chart norms. Weighted Hölder norms on a three-dimensional exterior

[F6]

The stationary background hypotheses are those of the flux supplier. Its normal formula is n=−g−1d(t−u)/Q, where Q=−g00+2g0iui−gijuiuj; its Proof 1.2 gives g−1−η=O5(r−1) and gi0=O5(r−2), with η=diag⁡(−1,1,1,1). Stationary maximal graphs have an explicit uniformly spacelike flux

[F7]

One extra pointwise derivative gives the eventual scaled Hölder bound at the preceding derivative order, also componentwise and at lower derivative orders. One extra pointwise derivative supplies scaled Hölder control

[A1]

ZFC includes the Axiom of Choice. This assumption is carried when invoking [F1] and [F2] in step 1.1 and the geometric electrovacuum convention in step 3.1; the local finite tensor and product computations add no choice requirement. The Axiom of Choice

Proof

Given: The metric, field, graph, compact-core, decay and ZFC hypotheses in the Statement.

Goal: Establish the second-form and potential estimates and the conditional sign.

1.1givenA1F1F2F4F5F6F7algebra

Under [A1], the hypotheses match [F1] and [F2], giving Du∈C−7/44,α, D2u∈C−11/43,α, a controlled induced inverse, and bounded normal components with four weighted Hölder derivatives. Apply [F7] to the metric bounds and the inverse bounds in [F6]. They give metric and inverse errors in C−14,α and mixed components in C−24,α. Products add weights: on each fixed rescaled annulus, use the Leibniz rule and [ab]α≤∥a∥∞[b]α+∥b∥∞[a]α for each differentiated term. The Christoffel formula Γbca=12gad(∂bgdc+∂cgdb−∂dgbc), obtained from metric compatibility and torsion freedom, therefore gives Γbca∈C−22,α. Stationarity further gives Γij0=12g00(∂ig0j+∂jg0i)+12g0ℓ(∂igℓj+∂jgℓi−∂ℓgij)∈C−32,α. In particular the zero-slope term has stronger decay than a general connection component.

2.1F1F4F5F6step 1.1algebra

Put ei=∂i+ui∂t. Metric compatibility and g(n,ej)=0 give kij=g(n,∇eiej) in the sign convention [F4]. By [F6], g(n,⋅)=−d(t−u)/Q, and [F1] and [F6] imply that Q tends to one and that Q−1/2 is bounded with controlled derivatives through order two. The second-derivative part of ∇eiej contributes −uij/Q. Its connection part with no slope factor contributes −Γij0/Q; every other term has at least one factor Du multiplying a connection coefficient. Step 1.1 bounds these contributions respectively in C−11/42,α, C−32,α and C−15/42,α or faster. The product inequality in step 1.1 proves k∈C−11/42,α on the end.

3.1givenA1F1F3F4F5step 1.1step 2.1algebra∎

Under [A1], the defining equation in [F3] is Ric⁡ab=2(FacgcdFbd−14gabFcdgcegdfFef). Its two field factors lie in C−22,α, while step 1.1 controls the metric and inverse factors, so the same differentiated product inequality gives Ricci components in C−42,α. The bounded normal components in [F1] preserve this weight upon contraction. Also ∣k∣h2=hiahjbkijkab∈C−11/22,α by [F1] and step 2.1. Since r−11/2 decays faster than r−4, this implies the claimed order for V. Positive definiteness of h makes ∣k∣h2 nonnegative. The explicitly defined timelike-convergence condition applies to the unit timelike n, so it makes the other term nonnegative as well. Finally the assumed smooth spacelike extension over the compact core, including any compact boundary, makes h−1, k, n and the Ricci contraction smooth there; their norms on the fixed compact chart subsets are finite. This completes both global weighted claims and the conditional sign.

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