How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
A random variable need not have a finite expectation
Statement refuted
Every real random variable has a finite expectation.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The set with its power-set sigma-algebra, the weights , and the coordinate map .
Expectation of a nonnegative random variable is allowed to take the value (Expectation of a nonnegative or integrable random variable).
The integral of a nonnegative simple function is its weighted level-set sum, and monotone convergence passes increasing nonnegative limits through the integral (The integral of a nonnegative simple function, The nonnegative integral agrees with the simple integral on simple functions, Monotone convergence for the integral).
Counterexample
Define The total mass is If is pairwise disjoint, regrouping the nonnegative series gives Thus is a probability measure on the power set of , and is a measurable real random variable.
Put . The functions increase pointwise to . By [L1], [L2], and monotone convergence, Thus the expectation exists only as an extended value, not as a finite real number, exactly as [L1] allows.
Steps 1.1 and 2.1 refute the claim that every random variable has finite expectation.
Depends on
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
Dependency tree · two levels
16 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Rick Durrett, Probability: Theory and Examples, 5th ed., Section 1.6 (standard reference, not scraped)