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CounterexampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-04
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A random variable need not have a finite expectation

Statement refuted

Every real random variable has a finite expectation.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The set Ω=N1 with its power-set sigma-algebra, the weights pn=1/(n(n+1)), and the coordinate map X(n)=n.

[L1]

Expectation of a nonnegative random variable is allowed to take the value + (Expectation of a nonnegative or integrable random variable).

[L2]

The integral of a nonnegative simple function is its weighted level-set sum, and monotone convergence passes increasing nonnegative limits through the integral (The integral of a nonnegative simple function, The nonnegative integral agrees with the simple integral on simple functions, Monotone convergence for the integral).

Counterexample

technique · direct
1.1

Define P(A):=nApn(AΩ). The total mass is n=11n(n+1)=n=1(1n1n+1)=1. If (Aj)j0 is pairwise disjoint, regrouping the nonnegative series gives P ⁣(j0Aj)=j0nAjpn=j0P(Aj). Thus P is a probability measure on the power set of Ω, and X(n)=n is a measurable real random variable.

givenconstructalgebra
2.1

Put XN:=X1{1,,N}. The functions XN increase pointwise to X. By [L1], [L2], and monotone convergence, E[X]=limNE[XN]=limNn=1Nn1n(n+1)=n=11n+1=+. Thus the expectation exists only as an extended value, not as a finite real number, exactly as [L1] allows.

L1L2step 1.1algebra
3.1

Steps 1.1 and 2.1 refute the claim that every random variable has finite expectation.

step 1.1step 2.1

Depends on

Used by

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Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources