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CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07
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An ambient extension can leave category O

Statement refuted

Fix a finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra g, a Cartan subalgebra h, and a positive Borel b=hn+. Write Q+=iZ0αi, μλ when λμQ+, and wλ=w(λ+ρ)ρ.

False claim: O is extension closed in the category of all g-modules.

For sl2 and any λC, let V=CvCw be a positive-Borel module with ev=ew=0, hv=λv and hw=λw+v. Then E=U(g)U(b)V is an extension of M(λ) by itself in ambient modules, but is not in O.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The setting above and the hypotheses in the statement refuted.

[F1]

Fix a finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra g, a Cartan subalgebra h, and a positive Borel b=hn+. Write Q+=iZ0αi, μλ when λμQ+, and wλ=w(λ+ρ)ρ. The BGG category O is the full subcategory of left U(g)-modules M satisfying all three conditions: M is finitely generated; M=μhMμ where Mμ={v:hv=μ(h)v for all hh}; and U(n+)v is finite dimensional for each vM. Its morphisms are all g-linear maps. The zero module is included, generated by the empty set. The enveloping and triangular conventions are those of thm-pbw-ordered-monomial-basis-for-the-enveloping-algebra and thm-triangular-decomposition-from-a-chosen-positive-root-system. (The classical BGG category O)

[F2]

Let x1,,xr be an ordered basis of a finite-dimensional complex Lie algebra g. Then the monomials x1a1x2a2xrar(aiN0) form a basis of U(g). In particular, multiplication identifies grU(g) with the symmetric algebra S(g) on the symbols of the xi. (PBW gives an ordered monomial basis for the enveloping algebra)

[F3]

For λh, the Verma module is the induced g-module M(λ):=U(g)U(b)Cλ, where U(g) is the quotient algebra of def-universal-enveloping-algebra-as-a-tensor-quotient and Cλ is def-one-dimensional-borel-module-of-weight-lambda. Write vλ:=1cλ. Thus M(λ) is the quotient of U(g) by the left ideal generated by x for xn+ and hλ(h) for hh; in particular, n+vλ=0 and hvλ=λ(h)vλ. (Verma modules)

Counterexample

1.1

The Borel relation [h,e]=2e holds on V because e acts by zero. There is a short exact sequence 0CλVCλ0, with submodule Cv and quotient generated by the image of w. PBW makes U(g) right free over U(b), so induction preserves this exact sequence. Its two ends are the Verma modules by definition.

F2F3construct
2.1

PBW identifies E with C[f]V as a vector space. Thus 1v0, while (hλ)(1w)=1v and (hλ)2(1w)=0. In a weight module, ker(hλ)2=ker(hλ), by evaluating on its eigenspace decomposition. This Jordan pair proves that E is not a weight module. Its end terms do satisfy the category-O axioms: their PBW basis has weights λ2k and locally nilpotent e action, and they are cyclic. Consequently the ambient extension leaves O.

F1F2algebrastep 1.1

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