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CounterexampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-09
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Isomorphism does not make an inclusion elementary

Statement

The structures M=(ω,<) and A=(ω{0},<) in the language with one binary relation symbol are isomorphic, but the inclusion AM is not elementary.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Work in ZF with the usual strict order of the natural numbers, beginning at zero.

[F1]

An elementary embedding preserves and reflects every formula on tuples; a relational substructure has a nonempty subset as carrier and restricted relations. (Elementary embeddings, substructures and chains)

[F2]

Existential satisfaction means that an element of the structure's carrier satisfies the matrix. (Existence and uniqueness of set satisfaction)

[F3]

Every nonzero natural is a successor. (Every nonzero natural number is a successor)

[F4]

For natural m,n,k, m<n iff m+k<n+k, and m<=n iff m+k<=n+k. (Order is compatible with addition)

[F5]

Exactly one of m<n, m=n, n<m holds for natural m,n. (Trichotomy of the order on N)

Proof

1.1

The positive tail is nonempty since 1A, and restricting < to A2 makes it a substructure: there are no constant or function symbols requiring further closure. Define f:ωA by f(n)=n+1. Each positive natural is uniquely a successor, so g:Aω defined by g(n+1)=n satisfies g(f(n))=n and f(g(m))=m. Also n<k iff n+1<k+1: adding one preserves strict natural-number order, and if nk then n+1k+1. Hence f is a bijection preserving and reflecting the sole relation and is an isomorphism. In particular f(0)=1; it is different from inclusion.

F1F3F4F5
2.1

At the parameter 1A, the formula y(y<x) holds in M because 0<1. It fails in A: every yA is a positive natural, so 1y and y<1 is false. Thus inclusion fails to preserve and reflect this formula's truth and is not elementary, despite the isomorphism constructed in step 1.1.

F1F2step 1.1

Depends on

Used by

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Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources