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The weak null does not center every mixed kernel assignment

Statement refuted

For a block-symmetric, block-antisymmetric two-sample kernel, the weak null θ(P,Q;h)=0 implies that the kernel has mean zero under every assignment of P- and Q-distributed arguments to its positions.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The laws and kernel in the Counterexample; the parameter and first-projection conventions in the following suppliers.

[F1]

Two-sample U-statistic parameter: θ(P,Q;h)=EP⊗2⊗Q⊗2h.

[F2]

Two-sample order-r U-statistic and first projections: gX(x)=E[h(x,X2;Y1,Y2)]−θ and gY(y)=E[h(X1,X2;y,Y2)]−θ.

[F3]

First projections are measurable and square-integrable: the displayed section integrals are measurable and square-integrable.

Counterexample

Let P put mass 3/4 at 0 and 1/4 at 2, and let Q put mass 3/4 at 0 and 1/4 at −2. Take r=2 and

h(x1,x2;y1,y2)=x1x2−y1y2.

Given: EPX=1/2, EQY=−1/2, and the kernel h above. Verify the weak null and all stated counterexample properties.

1.1F1givenalgebra

The kernel is symmetric in (x1,x2) and in (y1,y2), and exchanging the two blocks changes its sign. By independence within each product block, [F1] gives θ=(EPX)2−(EQY)2=(1/2)2−(−1/2)2=0.

1.2F1givenalgebra

Under the mixed assignment (X1,X2)∼P⊗2 and (Y1,Y2)∼P⊗Q, independence gives Eh=(EPX)2−(EPX)(EQY)=1/4−(−1/4)=1/2≠0. Thus the weak null does not force all mixed-assignment means to vanish.

1.3givenalgebra

Every law in {P,Q} is bounded and assigns positive mass both to zero and to a nonzero value. Therefore every product of two independently assigned variables has positive probability at zero and positive probability at a nonzero value, so it has positive finite variance. For any two assignments, h is the difference of two independent such products; its second moment is finite and strictly positive.

1.4F2F3givenalgebra

The direct projections are gX(x)=x/2−1/4 and gY(y)=1/4+y/2. Each has mean zero and variance 3/16 under its respective law, so both direct first-projection variances are positive. At mixture weight p=1/4, Pˉ=pP+(1−p)Q has mean −1/4 and positive variance; its pooled projection is gPˉ(z)=(−1/4)(z+1/4), which also has positive variance.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3step 1.4∎

The example satisfies block symmetry and antisymmetry, the weak parameter null, all mixed second-moment requirements, and positive direct and pooled first-projection variances. Step 1.2 nevertheless gives a mixed assignment with nonzero mean, refuting the Statement. This is a gap in the cited coupling route, not a counterexample to the broader asymptotic theorem by itself.

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