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Compact support expands at speed at most c
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Let , , let be compact and let be a classical solution of on a neighbourhood of with Cauchy data satisfying (The support of a function on and its compactly supported Riemann integral) and (support relative to this time slab). For , use , so the source is zero and the asserted support is empty. Then for every
the time- domain of influence of the data support (Forward and backward wave cones, domain of dependence and influence).
Facts & Assumptions
Given: ; a compact , a solution , defined near the closed initial slab, of with data supported in and source supported in .
Finite propagation: for , if solves on a neighbourhood of the closed backward cone with there and on the base ball , then . (Finite propagation speed for the wave equation)
and likewise for ; a point outside has there. (The support of a function on and its compactly supported Riemann integral)
The base ball of is the open ball . For nonempty compact , the continuous function attains a minimum on , so is closed. Also for every ; taking infima gives . (A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value, Cauchy-Schwarz with its equality case, the triangle inequality for , the parallelogram law and polarisation) (Forward and backward wave cones, domain of dependence and influence)
Proof
Reduction to a point outside the domain of influence: if , all data and the source vanish, so [F1] applied at every with gives there; at , continuity and the Cauchy displacement limit give , so the support inclusion holds throughout . Otherwise let and , so ; then the base ball of is by [F3], and : if then , contradicting ; hence the initial data vanish on by [F2]: there; and the source vanishes on the cone: if had , then by [F3], a contradiction, so and , i.e. .
Conclusion: by step 1.1 the data and source of vanish in the cone , so [F1] applied to gives ; as was arbitrary, every point outside has , and the containing set is closed by [F3], whence for every ; at , continuity and the Cauchy displacement limit give , so the inclusion is exactly the support hypothesis on .
Depends on
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Finite propagation speed for the wave equation
- The support of a function on $\mathbb{R}^n$ and its compactly supported Riemann integral
- Forward and backward wave cones, domain of dependence and influence
- Wave equation, Cauchy data and wave speed
- A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value
- Cauchy-Schwarz $\lvert\langle x,y\rangle\rvert \le \lVert x\rVert_2\lVert y\rVert_2$ with its equality case, the triangle inequality for $\lVert\cdot\rVert_2$, the parallelogram law and polarisation
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Gerald Teschl, Partial Differential Equations: From Classical to Modern (2025 archived author manuscript, AMS Graduate Studies in Mathematics) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Victor Ivrii, Partial Differential Equations (University of Toronto, 2018, CC BY-SA) (standard reference, not scraped)