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CorollaryStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07
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General Stokes agrees with both planar Green formulas

Statement

Assume ACω. For a compact smooth planar region D oriented by dxdy and smooth P,Q on a neighborhood, general Stokes gives D(Pdx+Qdy)=D(QxPy)dxdy, D(PdyQdx)=D(Px+Qy)dxdy. When D also has the supplied finite elementary Green decomposition required by the classical results, these are exactly their circulation and outward-flux formulas. Outer boundary curves run counterclockwise and holes clockwise.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

The general Stokes theorem: Assume ACω. Let M be an oriented smooth n-manifold with boundary, n1, and let ηΩcn1(M). With j:MM and the outward-normal-first orientation, Mdη=Mjη. An empty boundary contributes zero; in dimension one its integral is a finite signed sum of point values.

[F2]

Green's theorem is the curl statement for a planar field lifted to R3: Let D be a finite elementary Green region with its supplied decomposition, positively oriented, and let P,Q be C1 on an open UR2 containing D. Define the lift F~(x,y,z):=(P(x,y), Q(x,y), 0)((x,y,z)U×R), a field on the open set U×RR3. Then F~ is C1, its curl has first and second coordinates identically 0 and third coordinate xQyP at every point, independent of z, and the circulation of the planar field around the positive boundary chain equals the integral of the third coordinate of the curl of the lift: D(P,Q)dr=D(curlF~)z(x,y,0)dA.

[F3]

The planar divergence theorem: the flux form of Green's theorem: Let D be a finite elementary Green region with its supplied decomposition, positively oriented, and let F=(Fx,Fy) be C1 on an open UR2 containing D. Then D(Fy)dx+Fxdy=D(xFx+yFy)dA, the right-hand integrand being the divergence of F as a field on an open subset of R2. Moreover, if σ:[α,β]R2 is one of the arcs of the positive boundary chain and its derivative is nowhere zero on a piece with continuous derivative extension v, then on that piece σ(Fy)dx+Fxdy=σF,νds,ν:=(v2,v1)v2, where ν is the unit vector obtained from the tangent v by a quarter turn clockwise.

[F4]

Computing form integrals by finite parametrizations: Let n1, let Mn be oriented, and let ωΩcn(M). For 1im let DiRn be bounded open Jordan domains and Fi:DiM continuous and smooth up to the boundary in target coordinates: near each parameter point, a target coordinate representative extends smoothly to a Euclidean neighborhood. Suppose FiDi is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism onto an open WiM, the Wi are pairwise disjoint, and suppωiWi. Then Mω=i=1mDiFiω. An empty family is allowed when the support is empty. No nonsingularity of DFi on Di, and no M-valued extension across a genuine target boundary, is assumed.

Proof

Given: The objects and hypotheses in the statement above.

1.1

The coordinate derivative gives d(Pdx+Qdy)=(QxPy)dxdy and d(PdyQdx)=(Px+Qy)dxdy. Apply Stokes to these smooth one-forms on compact D.

F1algebra
2.1

For a positive tangent v=(v1,v2), the outward normal is ν=(v2,v1)/v, since (ν,v) has positive determinant. Thus the flux form evaluated on v is Pv2Qv1=(P,Q),νv. This yields counterclockwise outer curves and clockwise holes. Parametrization integration identifies these form integrals with the scalar Riemann and curve integrals.

F3F4step 1.1
3.1

On the common elementary smooth scope, the classical circulation result uses the lift (P,Q,0), whose third curl component is QxPy, and the flux result uses divergence Px+Qy. These match the two computed expressions exactly. Their supplied decomposition and neighborhood hypotheses are retained. Empty regions or zero fields give zero; no corners theorem is invoked.

F2F3step 1.1step 2.1

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