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General Stokes agrees with both planar Green formulas
Statement
Assume . For a compact smooth planar region oriented by and smooth on a neighborhood, general Stokes gives When also has the supplied finite elementary Green decomposition required by the classical results, these are exactly their circulation and outward-flux formulas. Outer boundary curves run counterclockwise and holes clockwise.
Facts & Assumptions
The general Stokes theorem: Assume . Let be an oriented smooth -manifold with boundary, , and let . With and the outward-normal-first orientation, An empty boundary contributes zero; in dimension one its integral is a finite signed sum of point values.
Green's theorem is the curl statement for a planar field lifted to : Let be a finite elementary Green region with its supplied decomposition, positively oriented, and let be on an open containing . Define the lift a field on the open set . Then is , its curl has first and second coordinates identically and third coordinate at every point, independent of , and the circulation of the planar field around the positive boundary chain equals the integral of the third coordinate of the curl of the lift:
The planar divergence theorem: the flux form of Green's theorem: Let be a finite elementary Green region with its supplied decomposition, positively oriented, and let be on an open containing . Then the right-hand integrand being the divergence of as a field on an open subset of . Moreover, if is one of the arcs of the positive boundary chain and its derivative is nowhere zero on a piece with continuous derivative extension , then on that piece where is the unit vector obtained from the tangent by a quarter turn clockwise.
Computing form integrals by finite parametrizations: Let , let be oriented, and let . For let be bounded open Jordan domains and continuous and smooth up to the boundary in target coordinates: near each parameter point, a target coordinate representative extends smoothly to a Euclidean neighborhood. Suppose is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism onto an open , the are pairwise disjoint, and . Then An empty family is allowed when the support is empty. No nonsingularity of on , and no -valued extension across a genuine target boundary, is assumed.
Proof
Given: The objects and hypotheses in the statement above.
The coordinate derivative gives and . Apply Stokes to these smooth one-forms on compact .
For a positive tangent , the outward normal is , since has positive determinant. Thus the flux form evaluated on is . This yields counterclockwise outer curves and clockwise holes. Parametrization integration identifies these form integrals with the scalar Riemann and curve integrals.
On the common elementary smooth scope, the classical circulation result uses the lift , whose third curl component is , and the flux result uses divergence . These match the two computed expressions exactly. Their supplied decomposition and neighborhood hypotheses are retained. Empty regions or zero fields give zero; no corners theorem is invoked.
Depends on
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
22 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Lee Theorem 16.17, p.415; classical items cited for both statements (standard reference, not scraped)