Alphabeta Math
PropositionStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-07
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  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
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Computing form integrals by finite parametrizations

Statement

Let n1, let Mn be oriented, and let ωΩcn(M). For 1im let DiRn be bounded open Jordan domains and Fi:DiM continuous and smooth up to the boundary in target coordinates: near each parameter point, a target coordinate representative extends smoothly to a Euclidean neighborhood. Suppose FiDi is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism onto an open WiM, the Wi are pairwise disjoint, and suppωiWi. Then Mω=i=1mDiFiω. An empty family is allowed when the support is empty. No nonsingularity of DFi on Di, and no M-valued extension across a genuine target boundary, is assumed.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

Integration on an oriented embedded submanifold: Let j:SM be an oriented embedded smooth k-submanifold, with boundary allowed. For a smooth k-form ω on M such that jω has compact support on S, define Sω:=Sjω. If F:TS is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism, this equals T(jF)ω. Compact support is required on S itself.

[F2]

Linearity and additivity of the form integral: For compactly supported smooth top forms ω,η on an oriented Mn and a,bR, M(aω+bη)=aMω+bMη. Also Mω=CCωC, where C ranges over connected components with their restricted orientations; only finitely many meet suppω.

[F3]

A C1 map sends a compact set of content zero to a set of content zero: Let m1. Then if ψ is C1 on an open WRm with values in Rm and AW is compact with content zero, then ψ[A] is compact and has content zero. Content zero and nullity are those of def-null-and-content-zero-in-rn.

[F4]

Additivity of the integral over finitely many Jordan pieces that fill a Jordan set up to content zero: Let m1, let ARm be bounded and Jordan measurable, let N1, and let A1,,ANA be bounded Jordan measurable sets such that AiAj has content zero whenever ij and such that Ai=1NAi has content zero. Let f:AR be bounded, Riemann integrable over A and Riemann integrable over each Ai. Then Af=i=1NAif.

[F5]

Change of variables for an injective C1 map on a compact Jordan set: Let n1, let URn be open, let g:URn be injective and C1, and suppose Dg(x) is invertible for every xU. Let KU be compact and Jordan measurable. For a bounded function f:g(K)R, the following are equivalent: 1. f is Riemann integrable on g(K); 2. xf(g(x))detDg(x) is Riemann integrable on K. When either condition holds, g(K)f(y)dy=Kf(g(x))detDg(x)dx.

Proof

Given: The objects and hypotheses in the statement above.

1.1

First record boundary control. Compactness and continuity give Wi=Fi(Di) and MWiFi(Di): a limit of interior image points has a convergent parameter subsequence, and an interior parameter limit has image in Wi. Each Di is compact of content zero. Cover it by finitely many parameter neighborhoods with smooth coordinate extensions. Intersect smaller closed neighborhoods with Di and apply the C1 null-image lemma on each extension domain. Thus Fi(Di) is content zero in every fixed relatively compact target chart, after finite localization. No derivative rank condition is used here.

F3given
2.1

By a finite chart partition of the compact support and linearity, it suffices to consider a form supported compactly inside a small chart U whose coordinate domain Y is a bounded rectangle or half-rectangle and whose chart extends past its artificial edges. Such charts come from restricting a larger chart; the Euclidean boundary of Y has content zero. Put Ci=ϕ(UWi). The boundaries of the bounded Ci lie in Y together with the chart images of MWi, so Ci are Jordan measurable. The localized coefficient f is bounded, zero near artificial edges, and Riemann integrable, including the genuine face.

F1F2step 1.1
3.1

For that localized coefficient, f=0 outside iCi. The disjoint Ci overlap only on null boundaries after closure. Apply finite almost-partition additivity to the pieces Ci and YiCi (whose integral is zero since f vanishes there except on those boundaries). Consequently the signed chart integral is σϕiCif.

F4step 2.1
3.2

Fix i and write g=ϕFi on Ai=Fi1(UWi)Di. This is a diffeomorphism onto Ci. To justify substitution despite possible singularities at parameter boundary, let h be the coefficient of Fiω on Di; it extends continuously to the compact Di and is bounded, say by B. Choose a finite union KDi of grid cubes, with disjoint interiors, covering all but a collar of Di of arbitrarily small volume. Images of that collar have arbitrarily small chart volume as well: finitely many smooth coordinate extensions have bounded derivatives and are Lipschitz on smaller convex neighborhoods; a cube of side δ maps into a cube of side at most cδ, so total covering volume increases by at most a fixed factor. Such collars exist because Di has content zero.

F3step 1.1step 2.1
4.1

On the compact part K, the nonzero support of h lies in a compact subset of Ai, since the localized form is supported inside U. Subdivide or cover this compact part by finitely many cubes compactly contained in Ai, splitting overlaps along their faces. On each such compact Jordan piece, the published substitution theorem applies to g: it is injective, C1, and has invertible derivative on the surrounding open subset of Ai. Pieces where the form vanishes contribute zero. Add these equalities. The omitted integrals on the parameter side are bounded by B times collar volume; on the image side they are bounded by supf times the image-collar covering volume. Let those bounds tend to zero. This proves Dih=σϕCif, with the sign supplied by orientation preservation.

F4F5step 3.2
5.1

Sum over i and then over the finite chart localization. Empty support gives only zero coefficients; for n=1 the same collar estimate uses intervals and point boundaries. Degenerate Jacobians at boundary points are harmless because substitution was used only on compact subsets of the diffeomorphism domains.

F2step 3.1step 4.1

Depends on

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