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A C1 map sends a compact set of content zero to a set of content zero

Statement

Let m1. Then if ψ is C1 on an open WRm with values in Rm and AW is compact with content zero, then ψ[A] is compact and has content zero.

Content zero and nullity are those of Measure zero and content zero in Rm by countable and finite cube covers.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The integer m1, the open set WRm, the C1 map ψ:WRm, and the compact set AW of content zero.

[F1]

A set ERm is null when, for every ε>0, it is covered by a sequence of closed cubes whose nonnegative volume series converges with sum at most ε; it has content zero when such a cover can be finite (Measure zero and content zero in Rm by countable and finite cube covers).

[F2]

Padding a finite cover with degenerate zero-volume cubes proves that content zero implies null (Measure zero and content zero in Rm by countable and finite cube covers).

[F3]

A map f:XY between metric spaces is Lipschitz with constant L, where LR and L0, when dY(f(x),f(x))LdX(x,x) for all x,xX (Lipschitz map, α-Hölder map for rational 0<α1, and contraction).

[F4]

A metric space is compact when every open cover of it has a finite subcover (Open cover, subcover, compact metric space, and compact subset of a metric space).

[F5]

A map f:URq is of class Ck when each component is of class Ck (Ck Euclidean maps and diffeomorphisms).

[F6]

For xRm, x2=k<mxk2 (The Euclidean inner product x,y=k<nxkyk on Rn).

[L1]

Every subset of a null subset of Rm is null (Subsets and countable unions of null subsets of Rm are null).

[L2]

If T:RmRm is Lipschitz and E is null, then T[E] is null (A Lipschitz map RmRm sends null sets to null sets).

[L3]

If f:[α,β]Rm is continuous and differentiable on (α,β) with f(t)2M there, then f(β)f(α)2M(βα) (The mean value inequality: if f:[a,b]Rm is continuous and differentiable on (a,b) with f2M, then f(b)f(a)2M(ba)).

[L4]

If f is totally differentiable at a and g at f(a), then D(gf)(a)=Dg(f(a))Df(a) (The chain rule for total derivatives: D(gf)(a)=Dg(f(a))Df(a)).

[L5]

If f is totally differentiable at a then Dvf(a) exists for every vRm and equals Df(a)v, and the matrix of Df(a) is Jf(a) (A total derivative computes every directional derivative, and its matrix is the Jacobian).

[L6]

If every partial derivative of f exists on a neighbourhood of a and is continuous at a, then f is totally differentiable at a with Df(a) the linear map of matrix Jf(a) (If all partial derivatives exist on a neighbourhood and are continuous at a point, then the map is totally differentiable there with Jacobian derivative).

[L7]

For a continuous real-valued f on a nonempty compact metric space, the image f[X] is bounded above and below (A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value).

[L8]

For continuous f:XY between metric spaces, if KX is a compact subset of X, then f[K] is a compact subset of Y (The image of a compact metric space under a continuous map is compact, and so is the image of any compact subset).

[L10]

A compact subset of Rm is null if and only if it has content zero (For compact subsets of Rm, measure zero and content zero coincide).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

If A= then ψ[A]=, which is covered by the single degenerate cube j<m[0,0] of volume 0, so it has content zero by [F1] and the assertion holds. For the rest of the proof assume A.

givenF1
1.2

Since A has content zero, [F2] makes A null.

givenF2
1.3

A C1 map is continuous, since by [F5] and [L6] each component is totally differentiable and hence continuous at every point of W. So ψ[A] is a compact subset of Rm by [L8].

givenF5L6L8
2.1

Every point cA lies in the open set W, so some closed cube Q centred at c with positive edge is contained in W, and the interior of Q contains c. Those interiors form an open cover of the compact A, so by [F4] and [L9] finitely many of them cover A: there are closed cubes Q1,,QNW with N1 whose union contains A.

step 1.1givenF4L9
3.1

Fix i with 1iN. The m2 functions jψk are continuous on W by [F5], and Qi is a nonempty compact subset of W by [L9], so [L7] bounds each of them on Qi: there is C0 with jψk(c)C for all cQi and all j,k<m. Put M:=m3/2C. For cQi and vRm, [L5] and [L6] give Dψ(c)v=Jψ(c)v, whose kth coordinate is j<mjψk(c)vj, of absolute value at most mCv2 because vjv2 by [F6]; hence Dψ(c)v2mmCv2=Mv2, again by [F6].

step 2.1L5L6L7L9F5F6
4.1

Let x,yQi. A cube is convex, so γ(t):=x+t(yx) lies in QiW for 0t1. The map γ is differentiable with γ(t)=yx, and ψ is totally differentiable on W by [F5] and [L6], so [L4] and [L5] make tψ(γ(t)) differentiable on [0,1] with derivative Dψ(γ(t))(yx), of norm at most Myx2 by step 3.1. Hence [L3] on [0,1] gives ψ(y)ψ(x)2Myx2, so the restriction ψQi is Lipschitz with constant M in the sense of [F3].

step 3.1L3L4L5L6F3F5
5.1

Write Qi=j<m[αj,βj] and let ρi:RmQi be the coordinatewise clamp, ρi(v)j=min{max{vj,αj},βj}. Each scalar clamp satisfies min{max{s,α},β}min{max{s,α},β}ss, so ρi(v)ρi(v)2vv2 by [F6] and ρi is Lipschitz with constant 1; therefore Ti:=ψρi is defined on all of Rm, agrees with ψ on Qi since ρi fixes Qi pointwise, and is Lipschitz with constant M by step 4.1 and [F3].

step 4.1F3F6
6.1

For each i, the set AQi is a subset of the null set A of step 1.2, hence null by [L1]; so [L2] applied to the Lipschitz map Ti of step 5.1 makes Ti[AQi] null, and that set is ψ[AQi] because Ti agrees with ψ on Qi.

step 1.2step 5.1L1L2
7.1

By step 2.1 the union of the Qi contains A, so ψ[A]=i=1Nψ[AQi]. Let ε>0. By step 6.1 and [F1] each of the N sets admits a sequence of closed cubes covering it with volume sum at most ε/N; concatenating those N sequences gives one sequence of closed cubes covering ψ[A] with volume sum at most ε, so ψ[A] is null by [F1]. The index set is finite, so only finitely many covers are named and no choice principle is used.

step 2.1step 6.1F1
8.1

The set ψ[A] is compact by step 1.3 and null by step 7.1, so [L10] gives that it has content zero.

step 1.3step 7.1L10

Remarks

  • Why the published Lipschitz theorem is not enough on its own. [L2] is stated for a Lipschitz map defined on all of Rm, and ψ is defined only on W and need not be Lipschitz there — its derivative may be unbounded near W. Steps 2.1 to 5.1 exist to manufacture, on each of finitely many cubes, a genuinely global Lipschitz map that agrees with ψ where it matters.

  • Compactness is used twice, for different things. It supplies the finite subcover in step 2.1, and in step 8.1 it converts nullity back into content zero; a null set need not have content zero without it.

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