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Injectives have costandard filtrations

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice (The Axiom of Choice). For every weight λ the restricted dual I(λ)=D(P(λ)) of the projective cover is an injective object of O (Injective object) and has a finite costandard (∇-)flag, with multiplicities (I(λ):∇(μ))=(P(λ):Δ(μ))=[Δ(μ):L(λ)] in the sense of Finite Verma flags and their multiplicities and BGG reciprocity; the functor D exchanges Verma flags of projectives with costandard flags of injectives. Every injective object of O has a finite costandard flag: it is a finite direct sum of indecomposable injectives, and D induces a bijection between the indecomposable projectives and the indecomposable injectives of O (Restricted duality is exact and involutive on O); each indecomposable injective is the dual of an indecomposable projective and hence of the form I(λ).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Choice, weights λ,μ, the Verma-filtered projective cover P(λ), and the exact contravariant involution D of restricted duality with D(Δ(μ))=∇(μ) and D(∇(μ))=Δ(μ).

[F1]

D is an exact contravariant involution of O, hence carries projectives to injectives and injectives to projectives, preserves finite direct sums, finite length and multiplicities, and maps a flag of Y to a flag of D(Y) with the dual factors: the exact sequences 0→Xi−1→Xi→Xi/Xi−1→0 become 0→D(Xi/Xi−1)→D(Xi)→D(Xi−1)→0 (Restricted duality is exact and involutive on O, Standard and costandard objects).

[F2]

P(λ) has a finite Verma flag with multiplicities (P(λ):Δ(μ))=[Δ(μ):L(λ)], and every indecomposable projective is a projective cover of its simple head (Projectives in category O have finite Verma flags, BGG reciprocity, Projective covers in O are indecomposable and unique).

[F3]

The category O is abelian, and every object has finite length (Category O is abelian and extension closed among weight modules, Every object of O has finite length). These hypotheses allow Fitting decomposition in a finite-length abelian category to be applied: every object is a finite direct sum of indecomposable objects, including the empty sum for zero.

Proof

technique · direct: dualize a Verma flag of a projective and decompose a general injective into duals of indecomposable projectives
1.1F1F2given

D(P(λ)) is injective by [F1]. If 0=X0⊆X1⊆⋯⊆Xn=P(λ) is a Verma flag with factors Δ(μi)=Xi/Xi−1, then applying the exact contravariant functor D to the defining sequences 0→Xi−1→Xi→Δ(μi)→0 gives exact sequences 0→∇(μi)→D(Xi)→D(Xi−1)→0; by induction on i, a finite costandard flag of D(Xi−1) concatenated with the subobject ∇(μi) gives a finite costandard flag of D(Xi), because extensions of objects with finite costandard flags again have finite costandard flags. For i=n this gives a finite costandard flag of I(λ)=D(P(λ)) with the factors ∇(μi), hence (I(λ):∇(μ))=(P(λ):Δ(μ))=[Δ(μ):L(λ)] by [F2].

1.2F1F2F3

Let I∈O be injective. By [F3] it has finite length and I=I1⊕⋯⊕In with each Ij indecomposable. Applying the exact contravariant involution D gives D(I)=⨁jD(Ij) with each D(Ij) an indecomposable projective: D is an equivalence, so it preserves indecomposability and exchanges projectives with injectives. Each D(Ij) is therefore a projective cover of its simple head L(μj) by [F2], hence D(Ij)≅P(μj) by uniqueness of projective covers and Ij≅D(D(Ij))≅D(P(μj))=I(μj).

2.1step 1.1step 1.2∎

By step 1.1 each I(μj) has a finite costandard flag, and a finite direct sum of objects with finite costandard flags again has one, by concatenating flags along the summands; hence every injective object I≅⨁jI(μj) has a finite costandard flag, and the bijection between indecomposable projectives and indecomposable injectives is induced by D.

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