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Injectivity removes the Lp term from the global W2,p estimate

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let n≥2, 1<p<∞, let Ω be a bounded C1,1 domain and let L=aij∂i∂j+bi∂i+c be uniformly elliptic with aij∈C0(Ωˉ), b,c∈L∞(Ω) as in Global W2,p Dirichlet estimate on a C1,1 domain. Assume that the homogeneous Dirichlet problem has only the trivial strong solution: if w∈W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω) and Lw=0 almost everywhere, then w=0. Then there is C<∞ with ∥u∥W2,p(Ω)≤C∥Lu∥Lp(Ω)for every u∈W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω). No symmetry of L is used and no spectral hypothesis beyond the stated injectivity enters; the constant can additionally depend on the particular operator L through its separation from a nontrivial Dirichlet kernel. Injectivity alone supplies no bound uniform over all operators with the same coefficient upper bounds. The Axiom of Choice is needed because the compactness alternatives of Rellich--Kondrachov are invoked.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the Axiom of Choice, n≥2, 1<p<∞, the bounded C1,1 domain Ω, the operator L with the stated coefficient bounds, the injectivity hypothesis, and the a priori estimate of Global W2,p Dirichlet estimate on a C1,1 domain.

[A1]

The Axiom of Choice is the standing hypothesis; it is inherited by the a priori estimate and Sobolev completeness, and used through the compactness and extension theorems that make Ω a bounded extension domain. (The Axiom of Choice)

[F1]

A priori estimate (Global W2,p Dirichlet estimate on a C1,1 domain): there is C0 with ∥v∥W2,p(Ω)≤C0(∥Lv∥Lp(Ω)+∥v∥Lp(Ω)) for all v∈W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω).

[F2]

Compactness alternatives for a bounded extension domain Ω: for 1≤p<n every bounded sequence in W1,p(Ω) has a subsequence converging in Lp(Ω) (The Rellich--Kondrachov theorem for 1≤p<n on bounded extension domains with q=p<p∗); for p=n every bounded sequence in W1,n(Ω) has a subsequence converging in Lq(Ω) for each fixed finite q, in particular q=n (Rellich--Kondrachov at the critical source exponent p=n); for p>n every bounded sequence in W1,p(Ω) has a subsequence converging in Lq(Ω) for every 1≤q<∞, in particular q=p (Morrey--Rellich compactness for p>n).

[F3]

A bounded C1,1 domain is a bounded Lipschitz extension domain for W1,p: there is a bounded extension operator W1,p(Ω)→W1,p(Rn) (Bounded C^k domains and boundary charts, Bounded C^k domains admit integer-order Sobolev extension). This is the only extension input used here, to verify that the Rellich--Kondrachov results in [F2] apply; no Wk,q extension for k≥2 is needed.

[F4]

On the subspace W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω), which is closed in W2,p(Ω) the operator L is bounded into Lp(Ω): ∥Lv∥Lp≤C(Λ,M)∥v∥W2,p for v∈W2,p(Ω); the space W01,p(Ω) is closed in W1,p(Ω) and hence in W2,p(Ω). (Integer-order Sobolev spaces and their norms, Zero-boundary Sobolev space as a norm closure)

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F3F4givenA1

Contradiction setup and a bounded sequence. Suppose the inequality fails: then for every integer j≥1 there is uj∈W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω) with ∥uj∥W2,p=1 and ∥Luj∥Lp<1/j; equivalently, after rescaling, a sequence with ∥uj∥W2,p=1 and ∥Luj∥Lp→0. For each j the W1,p norm is bounded by the W2,p norm up to constants, so (uj) is bounded in W1,p(Ω), and by [F3] the domain Ω is a bounded extension domain for W1,p.

2.1F2step 1.1

An Lp-convergent subsequence. By [F2] applied to the bounded sequence (uj), in each of the three cases p<n, p=n, p>n there is a subsequence, relabelled (uj), converging in Lp(Ω) to some w∈Lp(Ω). In the case p<n the admissible exponents form the interval [1,p∗) and q=p is admissible; in the case p=n every finite q is admissible and q=n=p; in the case p>n every 1≤q<∞ is admissible and q=p.

3.1step 1.1step 2.1F1algebra

Cauchy in W2,p via the a priori estimate. Apply [F1] to the differences uj−uk∈W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω): ∥uj−uk∥W2,p≤C0(∥L(uj−uk)∥Lp+∥uj−uk∥Lp)≤C0(∥Luj∥Lp+∥Luk∥Lp+∥uj−uk∥Lp). The first two terms tend to 0 by construction, and the third by the Lp convergence of step 2.1; hence (uj) is Cauchy in W2,p(Ω), which is complete by Integer-order Sobolev spaces are Banach, and converges to some v∈W2,p(Ω) with v equal to the Lp-limit w of step 2.1.

4.1step 3.1F4given

The limit is a vanishing strong solution. The space W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω) is closed in W2,p(Ω) by [F4], so v belongs to it; the boundedness of L:W2,p(Ω)→Lp(Ω) and Luj→0 in Lp give Lv=0 almost everywhere. By the injectivity hypothesis v=0.

5.1step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1step 4.1F1given

Contradiction. Applying [F1] to uj and using the normalization, 1=∥uj∥W2,p≤C0(∥Luj∥Lp+∥uj∥Lp)⟶0 because ∥Luj∥Lp→0 and ∥uj∥Lp→∥v∥Lp=0 by steps 2.1 and 4.1. This contradiction shows that the failure assumed in step 1.1 is impossible, that is, there is C with ∥u∥W2,p(Ω)≤C∥Lu∥Lp(Ω) for all u∈W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω).

6.1step 5.1F1F2F3given∎

Conclusion. Assume that the only strong solution of Lw=0 in W2,p(Ω)∩W01,p(Ω) is w=0. Then the compactness of the Sobolev embedding upgrades the a priori estimate [F1] to the pure Lp estimate displayed in the statement, the constant absorbing the Lp term through the contradiction argument. No symmetry, self-adjointness or spectral hypothesis on L is used, and the only choice principle invoked is the Axiom of Choice, including its inherited uses in the a priori estimate, completeness, Rellich--Kondrachov and extension theorems.

Remarks

  • The structure is the classical one: a priori estimate plus compactness turns injectivity of the homogeneous problem into the sharper estimate without the Lp term. The compactness is used only to extract an Lp-convergent subsequence; the W2,p convergence is then produced by the estimate itself.
  • The three Rellich--Kondrachov branches are the reason the corollary assumes the Axiom of Choice, and the a priori estimate used here also assumes Choice through its trace and extension suppliers. If one of the suppliers were only available under a weaker principle, the corresponding branch would have to be stated separately.

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