How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Kolmogorov zero-one law from martingale convergence
Statement
Assume AC. For an independent sequence of random elements and its tail -algebra , every has probability zero or one.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The hypotheses, objects, and conventions in the Statement.
Tail sigma-algebra of a sequence places every tail event in the full sequence -algebra.
Tail events are independent of every finite initial sigma-algebra makes a tail event independent of each finite initial -algebra .
Conditioning a known variable and an independent variable identifies the corresponding conditional expectation with a constant, and with the variable itself when it is measurable.
Levy upward convergence of conditional expectations gives the limiting conditional expectation along .
The Axiom of Choice is inherited from conditional-expectation existence and the convergence theorem.
Proof
Fix and let be generated by the first random elements. F2, F3 give
The increasing union of the generates the -algebra of the entire sequence. By F1, belongs to that -algebra. F4 therefore says the constants in step 1.1 converge almost surely to where the last identity is F3's known-variable clause. Hence almost surely.
An indicator that is almost surely the constant can take only or on a nonnull set, so . This proof does not consume the already-published zero-one theorem that it recovers. AC has only the dependence in F5.
Depends on
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
19 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- van der Vaart, Martingales, Diffusions and Financial Mathematics, §2.6, pp. 17–18 (standard reference, not scraped)