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CorollaryStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-13
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Top de Rham cohomology of a closed connected oriented manifold is real

Statement

For a nonempty closed connected oriented smooth n-manifold M, where closed means compact and without boundary, integration identifies HdRn(M) with R. The integral is the finite-localization integral, and this assertion is choice-free, including dimension zero.

Facts & Assumptions

[F1]

Integration is an isomorphism on top compactly supported de Rham cohomology proves the integration isomorphism for every nonempty connected oriented boundaryless manifold, without choice.

[F2]

Compactly supported de Rham cohomology proves that on a compact manifold the ordinary and compact-support complexes agree, including their primitive spaces.

Proof

Given: A manifold satisfying the statement, in particular compactness and absence of boundary.

1.1F2given

By [F2], every smooth form on M has compact support, because its support is closed in compact M. Consequently Ωck(M)=Ωk(M) in each degree, with the same differential. This includes the degree n−1 primitive space, so both kernels and images defining the degree-n quotients agree. Thus Hcn(M)=HdRn(M) by the identity on representatives.

2.1F1step 1.1

The other hypotheses are exactly those of [F1]. Its isomorphism sends the common class of ω to ∫Mω, so under step 1.1 it is the asserted isomorphism on ordinary cohomology. In particular an ordinary exact top form has a compact primitive here, and a zero-integral form is exact. Surjectivity is witnessed by scalar multiples of the normalized bump in [F1].

3.1F1F2step 1.1step 2.1∎

At n=0 the manifold is a single oriented point as proved in [F1]; the map is multiplication by its orientation sign and the negative-degree image is zero. At n=1 primitives are ordinary smooth functions, all compactly supported because M is compact. Zero forms have zero image. Nonemptiness is required for surjectivity, and boundarylessness for [F1]; there are no manifold boundary endpoints to omit. No partition or new choice is used in this identity of complexes.

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Sources