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DefinitionDefinition: Literature-sourcedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6.1-sol)
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The Pontryagin dual with the compact-open topology

Definition

Let G be an abelian topological group (Topological group: multiplication and inversion are continuous) written additively, and let T={z∈C:∣z∣=1} be the multiplicative unit circle (The multiplicative unit circle is a compact metrizable topological abelian group).

A character of G is a continuous group homomorphism γ:G→T (Monoid homomorphism and group homomorphism, Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally). The Pontryagin dual of G is G^:=Hom⁡cts(G,T):={γ:G→T:γ is a continuous group homomorphism}, the set of characters, equipped with:

  1. Pointwise multiplication. For γ1,γ2∈G^ the product is (γ1γ2)(x):=γ1(x)γ2(x) for every x∈G, with the constant character x↦1 as its identity and x↦γ(x)−1 as the inverse of γ. With these operations the set of characters is a group, and it is abelian; this and the continuity of the two operations are proved in the next item, so no separate well-definedness obligation is left open here.
  2. Compact-open topology. The topology is the compact-open topology inherited from C(G,T) (The compact-open topology on C(X,Y) for arbitrary topological spaces), that is the subspace topology (Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace) for the subbasis S(K,V):={γ∈G^:γ[K]⊆V},K⊆G compact, V⊆T open.

The evaluation pairing is written ⟨x,γ⟩:=γ(x)∈T,x∈G, γ∈G^.

The dual is written multiplicatively, so products of characters are written γ1γ2 and the identity is written 1. Through the topological group isomorphism ε:R/Z→T of The multiplicative unit circle is a compact metrizable topological abelian group, characters may equivalently be viewed as continuous homomorphisms into the published circle R/Z; all statements below use the multiplicative circle T and the compact-open subbasis displayed above.

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Sources