Alphabeta Math
DefinitionDefinition: Literature-sourcedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-luna)
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Sample covariance estimators and squared operator loss

Definition

Let n,p≥1 be integers and let X1,…,Xn be independent identically distributed random vectors in Rp with finite second moments, mean μ=EX1, and covariance matrix Σ=E[(X1−μ)(X1−μ)T]. The oracle-centered sample covariance and the sample-centered covariance are respectively Σ^μ=1n∑i=1n(Xi−μ)(Xi−μ)T,Σ^∗=1n∑i=1n(Xi−Xˉ)(Xi−Xˉ)T,Xˉ=1n∑i=1nXi. For a matrix estimate A, squared operator loss is ∥A−Σ∥op2, with the operator norm of The operator norm is zero on the zero domain and otherwise is max_{||v||=1} ||Tv||. This definition distinguishes the known-mean raw second moment from the estimator that removes an unknown mean.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

12 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources