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A U-shaped prism is a finite gluing of three boxes and is not simple in every coordinate direction
Example
Let and put . Then is a finite gluing of three elementary solid regions. It is not simple in the direction, because for every its section at height is the union of two disjoint intervals. For the field , both sides of the divergence theorem on equal .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The three boxes , their union , and the field .
In a finite gluing, each internal patch is paired with an internal patch of a different piece by an orientation-reversing regular reparametrization (Finite gluings of elementary solid regions and their outward boundary presentation).
The closed unit box, with its six outward faces, is an elementary solid region (The closed unit box, with its six faces, is an elementary solid region).
An elementary solid region is a compact solid equipped with one compatible finite patch presentation adapted to a simple description in each of the three coordinate directions (Elementary solid regions: one boundary presentation adapted in all three coordinate directions).
A simple description in one direction has the form stated in Simple solid regions in a coordinate direction and their cyclic coordinate projection.
The divergence theorem for a finite gluing is (The divergence theorem for finite gluings of elementary solid regions).
In a finite gluing, the sum of the piece fluxes is the flux over the outer presentation, and the sum of the piece integrals is the integral over the union (Internal faces cancel and volume integrals add when elementary solid regions are glued).
The divergence of a field is the sum of its coordinate partial derivatives (Divergence and curl of a vector field).
Jordan Fubini computes a multiple integral by iterated section integrals (Fubini over a bounded Jordan set when all but a content-zero family of sections are integrable).
If , is differentiable on , and is integrable there, then (The second fundamental theorem: if is differentiable on with and is integrable, then ).
In a finite patch presentation, total flux is the sum of the patch fluxes (Finitely patched regular surfaces, their area, scalar integrals, and flux).
Flux is computed against the oriented area vector of a patch (Unit normal fields, orientations, and flux through a regular surface patch).
A surface reparametrization is orientation-reversing exactly when its parameter Jacobian determinant is negative (Surface reparametrizations and their orientation sign).
Verification
Each is the image of the unit-box construction [L1] under an invertible affine coordinate scaling followed by a translation. Applying the same affine map to its three simple descriptions and six face parametrizations preserves the graph equations, nonzero oriented-area coordinates, projected disjointness, and content-zero parameter boundaries; hence [F2] makes all three pieces elementary solid regions. Their interiors are pairwise disjoint because lies below the plane while and lie above it, and and are separated by the strip .
The face of in the plane is larger than either matching face of or , so it must be subdivided into three rectangles cut at and ; that refinement preserves the adapted presentation, because it only subdivides one existing graph face into three graph faces with disjoint projections.
For each and each , the section of in the direction is , a union of two disjoint intervals. Therefore is not simple in the direction, and the gluing clause is genuinely stronger than a single simple description.
Two of the three new rectangles on the face pair with the matching faces of and ; each pairing is a translation composed with a parameter swap, so its parameter Jacobian determinant is negative and [F1] and [F7] make it orientation-reversing.
Every other face of every piece is declared outer, so the three boxes with this subdivision and pairing data form a finite gluing whose outer presentation is exactly the boundary of .
The divergence of is the constant by [F4], so [L2], [L3], [L4], and [L5] give and the outward flux through the boundary presentation is the same number.
Remarks
- The subdivision in step 1.2 is not optional. Without it, the larger face of on could not be paired patch-for-patch with the smaller faces of and .
Depends on
- Finite gluings of elementary solid regions and their outward boundary presentation
- The closed unit box, with its six faces, is an elementary solid region
- Elementary solid regions: one boundary presentation adapted in all three coordinate directions
- Simple solid regions in a coordinate direction and their cyclic coordinate projection
- The divergence theorem for finite gluings of elementary solid regions
- Internal faces cancel and volume integrals add when elementary solid regions are glued
- Divergence and curl of a $C^1$ vector field
- Fubini over a bounded Jordan set when all but a content-zero family of sections are integrable
- The second fundamental theorem: if $G$ is differentiable on $[a,b]$ with $G' = f$ and $f$ is integrable, then $\int_a^b f = G(b)-G(a)$
- Finitely patched regular surfaces, their area, scalar integrals, and flux
- Unit normal fields, orientations, and flux through a regular surface patch
- Surface reparametrizations and their orientation sign
Used by
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Sources
- G. Strang and E. Herman, Calculus Volume 3, section 6.8 (standard reference, not scraped)
- J. Feldman, A. Rechnitzer and E. Yeager, CLP-4 Vector Calculus, chapter 4 (standard reference, not scraped)