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Internal faces cancel and volume integrals add when elementary solid regions are glued

Statement

Let a finite gluing of elementary solid regions be given, with pieces E1,,EN, presentations Σ1,,ΣN, union E and outer boundary presentation Σout (Finite gluings of elementary solid regions and their outward boundary presentation). Then E is compact and Jordan measurable, and the sum of the piece fluxes is the flux over the outer presentation, and the sum of the piece volume integrals is the integral over the union:

i=1NΣiG,n=ΣoutG,nfor every continuous vector field G on EiEi,

i=1NEiH=EHfor every continuous H:ER,

both integrals in the second identity existing.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The finite gluing with its pieces, presentations, internal-or-outer designations and pairing involution, together with the continuous G and the continuous H:ER.

[F1]

For a compatible finite patch presentation the oriented flux is the sum of the flux over its patches (Finitely patched regular surfaces, their area, scalar integrals, and flux, Unit normal fields, orientations, and flux through a regular surface patch).

[F2]

In a finite gluing the pieces are elementary solid regions with pairwise disjoint interiors whose union is E; every patch of every Σi is designated internal or outer; each internal patch is paired with an internal patch of a different piece that is an orientation-reversing regular reparametrization of it; and the outer patches together form a compatible finite patch presentation of E (Finite gluings of elementary solid regions and their outward boundary presentation, Elementary solid regions: one boundary presentation adapted in all three coordinate directions).

[F3]

A regular reparametrization is orientation-reversing when its parameter Jacobian determinant is negative (Surface reparametrizations and their orientation sign).

[F4]

The simple solid region described by a simple description is compact and Jordan measurable (Simple solid regions in a coordinate direction and their cyclic coordinate projection).

[F5]

The boundary of A is A=Aint(A) (Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space); a set has content zero when it admits finite cube covers of arbitrarily small total volume, and content zero passes to subsets (Measure zero and content zero in Rm by countable and finite cube covers).

[F6]

Integration over a bounded Jordan measurable set is integration of the zero extension over a bounding rectangle (The Riemann integral of a bounded function over a bounded Jordan measurable set).

[L1]

An orientation-preserving reparametrization preserves flux and an orientation-reversing reparametrization negates it (Flux is invariant under orientation-preserving reparametrization and changes sign under reversal).

[L2]

Let A be bounded Jordan measurable, let N1 and let A1,,ANA be bounded Jordan sets with pairwise intersections of content zero and with AiAi of content zero; if f is bounded on A and integrable over A and over each Ai, then Af=i=1NAif (Additivity of the integral over finitely many Jordan pieces that fill a Jordan set up to content zero).

[L3]

A metric-bounded set is Jordan measurable if and only if its boundary has content zero (A bounded set in Rm is Jordan measurable iff its boundary is null, equivalently of content zero).

[L4]

Every continuous real function on a compact Jordan measurable set is Riemann integrable over it (A continuous real function on a compact Jordan measurable set is Riemann integrable over that set).

[L5]

A continuous real function on a nonempty compact metric space has bounded image (A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [F1] the sum i=1NΣiG,n is the sum of the flux of G over every patch of every Σi, a finite list of real numbers. By [F2] each entry of that list is designated internal or outer.

givenF1F2
1.2

Each Ei is compact and Jordan measurable by [F4], so E=iEi is closed and bounded, hence compact by [L6], and each Ei has content zero by [L3]. If pE then pE, so pEi for some i, and p cannot lie in Ei, since EiE would then put p in E; so pEi and EiEi. Concatenating the N finite covers shows that union has content zero, so E is Jordan measurable by [L3] and [F5].

givenF4F5L3L6
2.1

Let (D,φ) and (D,φ) be a paired internal pair, so by [F2] and [F3] there is a C1 diffeomorphism h between neighbourhoods of D and D with h[D]=D, φ=φh and detDh<0; that is an orientation-reversing regular reparametrization. So [L1] gives that the flux of G over (D,φ) is the negative of its flux over (D,φ), and the two contributions to the sum of step 1.1 add to 0. The pairing of [F2] is an involution without fixed points, so the internal entries of the list are exhausted by such pairs.

givenF2F3L1
2.2

By [L5] the continuous H is bounded on the nonempty compact E, and by [L4] it is integrable over E and over each compact Jordan Ei. If ij and pEiEj then p lies in at most one of the two interiors, so EiEjEiEj, which has content zero by step 1.2 and [F5]; and EiEi is empty, hence of content zero. So [L2] applies with A=E and Ai=Ei and gives iEiH=EH, the integrals being those of [F6].

step 1.2F5F6L2L4L5
3.1

Deleting the cancelling internal pairs of step 2.1 from the finite sum of step 1.1 leaves exactly the outer entries, whose sum is ΣoutG,n by [F1] and [F2]. This is a rearrangement of finitely many reals, so it needs no connectedness of E or of its boundary; for N=1 there is no internal patch and the two lists coincide.

step 1.1step 2.1F1F2
4.1

Steps 3.1 and 2.2 are the two asserted identities, and step 1.2 is the assertion that E is compact and Jordan measurable.

step 3.1step 2.2step 1.2

Remarks

  • The cancellation is between parametrizations, not between images. [L1] compares the flux of two patches related by a reparametrization; two patches with the same image but no such relation are not covered, and neither are two patches whose images overlap only partly. That is why the gluing data asks for the reparametrization explicitly, and why a face meeting a smaller neighbouring face has to be cut first.

  • The sign condition is pointwise and needs no connectedness argument. The gluing data requires detDh<0 everywhere, so the reparametrization is orientation-reversing in the sense of [F3] at every parameter point. A regular reparametrization of a connected parameter region has a constant orientation sign says that on a connected parameter region the sign cannot change, so the requirement costs nothing beyond one sign check per pair.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources