Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: AI-generatedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-06
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Baer sum of two extensions of cyclic groups

Example

The Baer sum of two copies of the nonsplit extension e:0⟶Z/2→a↦2aZ/4→x↦x mod 2Z/2⟶0 is split. Thus [e]+[e]=0 among extension classes of Z/2 by Z/2.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The two copies of e displayed above. All groups and maps in the calculation are abelian.

[F1]

Baer sum is diagonal pullback followed by codiagonal pushout: The Baer sum of extension classes.

[F2]

The split class The split extension class is the additive zero whenever extension classes form a set, by Baer sum makes extension classes an abelian group.

Verification

technique · direct
1.1givenalgebra

Any middle group in an extension of Z/2 by Z/2 has four elements. Transporting its law and endpoint maps to a fixed four-element set shows that the classes have a finite set realization. The extension e is nonsplit because every element of Z/4 above 1∈Z/2 has order four.

1.2F1givenconstruct

The diagonal pullback has middle group D={(x,y)∈(Z/4)2:x≡y(mod2)} and kernel map (a,b)↦(2a,2b). Its codiagonal pushout is E=(D⊕Z/2)/L, where L={((2a,2b),−(a+b)):a,b∈Z/2}. The endpoint maps are j(c)=[((0,0),c)] and q([((x,y),c)])=x mod 2.

2.1step 1.2algebra

The map j is injective since a relation with first component (0,0) has a=b=0. If q([((x,y),c)])=0, write x=2a,y=2b; its class equals j(c+a+b). Thus ker⁡q=im⁡j, and q is surjective. The class t=[((1,−1),0)] has q(t)=1 and 2t=[((2,2),0)]=0, the relation for a=b=1.

3.1F2step 1.1step 2.1algebra∎

Therefore s(1)=t defines a homomorphic section of q. The map (c,b)↦j(c)+s(b) is an endpoint-preserving isomorphism (Z/2)2→E: surjectivity and injectivity follow from the kernel description and qs=1. Hence the Baer sum is split and equals the zero class.

Depends on

Used by

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Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources