Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-09
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The Brauer table of S3 in characteristic two

Example

In a splitting 2-modular system for S3, the trivial module and the natural two-dimensional module have Brauer rows (1,1) and (2,1) on the classes of 1 and (123); these exhaust the simple modules.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A splitting 2-modular system, with the matrices over the prime field embedded in k.

[F1]

Lift the eigenvalues individually to obtain Brauer values (Lifted modular trace on p-regular elements).

[F2]

Distinct simple Brauer characters are independent on p-regular conjugacy classes (Irreducible Brauer characters are independent on p-regular elements).

Verification

1.1

Set r=(0111) and t=(0110). Direct multiplication gives r2=(1110), r3=t2=I, and trt=r2. The six matrices I,r,r2,t,rt,r2t are distinct. Acting on the three nonzero vectors of F22 embeds this group in S3; its size six identifies it with S3.

givenalgebra
2.1

The polynomial of r is X2+X+1, with distinct nontrivial cube roots λ,λ2 in k. An invariant line for r must be one of its eigenlines. From rt=tr1, t sends the λ-eigenline to the λ1-eigenline, which is different. Hence no line is invariant under both; the two-dimensional representation is simple, and the same argument holds over every extension field.

step 1.1F1algebra
3.1

Writing ζ=λ^, the identity has value 2 and r has value ζ+ζ2=1, since ζ3=1 and ζ1. The trivial representation has values 1,1. Thus the determinant is 12=3, nonzero in K and with residue 1 in k.

F1step 2.1algebra
4.1

The p-regular permutations are the identity and the two conjugate 3-cycles, hence give exactly two classes. By independence at most two nonisomorphic simple modules can have characters on this two-dimensional space of class functions. The two already exhibited are nonisomorphic by dimension and simple, so exhaust the possibilities.

F2step 2.1step 3.1algebra

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