How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
A continuous argument computed along a spiralling contour
Example
Let for and let . Then is a complex contour with , and
is a continuous logarithm of along , with continuous argument increasing by . Consequently
The contour is not closed: and . So no winding number is defined for it, and the increment is not an element of . This is exactly the gap between the logarithm-increment identity, which holds for every contour missing , and the integrality statement, which needs closedness.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The contour on and the point .
A continuous logarithm of along is a continuous with for every , and its continuous argument is (Continuous logarithms and continuous arguments along a contour, The complex exponential by its power series).
For a complex contour and there is a continuous logarithm of along , and any two differ by a constant in (Every contour missing a point admits a continuous logarithm, unique up to a constant in ).
For a complex contour , a point and a continuous logarithm of along , (The integral of along a contour is the increment of a continuous logarithm).
For , is the unique real with (The natural logarithm as the inverse of the exponential function); the natural logarithm is continuous and strictly increasing on , and (Order, continuity, range, and the product, quotient, and reciprocal laws for the natural logarithm).
A complex contour is a rectifiable path, and it is closed when its two endpoint values agree (Rectifiable complex contours, reversal, concatenation, closedness, and orientation); a continuous path differentiable with a continuous derivative on each piece of a partition is rectifiable (A continuous piecewise- path is rectifiable and its length is the sum of the speed integrals over its pieces).
(, and the complex exponential extends the real exponential), and for real , with ; in particular (, , and , Quarter-turn values and shifts by pi/2 and pi).
For with real, (Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus).
and are differentiable with and (The derivatives of sine and cosine are cosine and minus sine).
Verification
Writing by [L6], the path is differentiable in with a continuous derivative by [L8], hence rectifiable by [L5]; and by [L6], so does not lie on the trace.
The map is continuous on , and by [L4] and [L6], ; so is a continuous logarithm of along in the sense of [L1], with continuous argument by [L7].
By [L3] and step 1.2, using [L4]; and . By [L2] the value does not depend on which continuous logarithm is taken.
The endpoint values are and by [L6], so is not closed by [L5] and no winding number is defined for it; consistently, is not an element of because by [L4].
Depends on
- Continuous logarithms and continuous arguments along a contour
- Every contour missing a point admits a continuous logarithm, unique up to a constant in $2\pi i\mathbb{Z}$
- The integral of $dz/(z-p)$ along a contour is the increment of a continuous logarithm
- The complex exponential by its power series
- The natural logarithm as the inverse of the exponential function
- Rectifiable complex contours, reversal, concatenation, closedness, and orientation
- A continuous piecewise-$C^1$ path is rectifiable and its length is the sum of the speed integrals over its pieces
- $\exp(z+w)=\exp z\,\exp w$, and the complex exponential extends the real exponential
- $\exp(x+iy)=e^x(\cos y+i\sin y)$, $|\exp(x+iy)|=e^x$, and $e^{i\pi}+1=0$
- Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus
- The derivatives of sine and cosine are cosine and minus sine
- Order, continuity, range, and the product, quotient, and reciprocal laws for the natural logarithm
- Quarter-turn values and shifts by pi/2 and pi
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
Dependency tree · two levels
71 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- J. Lebl, Complex Analysis, Ch. 4 §4.1 (standard reference, not scraped)