How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The complex exponential by its power series
Definition
Let be the canonical-natural map of The canonical natural of a field, and let be the real embedding from The complex numbers as , with the real embedding and imaginary unit . For every , the factorial is nonzero by The factorial and the falling factorial , defined by recursion in , so by Canonical naturals are positive and strictly increasing and consequently in the complex field is a field, every element is uniquely , and every nonzero element has inverse .
For , define whenever this complex series converges. Inside a complex expression we abbreviate the embedded denominator by , so the same definition may be written without identifying a natural number with a complex number. Powers and series are those of Integer powers in the complex field and Complex series, absolute convergence, complex power series, and radius of convergence. The convergence for every is discharged by The complex exponential series converges absolutely for every complex argument.
Depends on
- Complex series, absolute convergence, complex power series, and radius of convergence
- Integer powers in the complex field
- The complex numbers as $\mathbb R[x]/(x^2+1)$, with the real embedding and imaginary unit $i$
- $\mathbb C=\mathbb R[x]/(x^2+1)$ is a field, every element is uniquely $a+bi$, and every nonzero element has inverse $(a-bi)/(a^2+b^2)$
- The factorial $n!$ and the falling factorial $n^{\underline{k}}$, defined by recursion in $\mathbb{N}$
- The canonical natural $\iota(n) = n \cdot 1_F$ of a field
- Canonical naturals are positive and strictly increasing
- The complex exponential series converges absolutely for every complex argument
Used by
- Finite-order Padé scaling-and-squaring exponential Algorithm
- Quantum phase-estimation spectral sampler Algorithm
- Trigonometric polynomials are uniformly dense in continuous functions on the torus Corollary
- Distinct pure frequencies differing by a reciprocal-lattice shift have identical samples Counterexample
- Sharp frequency cutoffs have kernels that are not in L1 Counterexample
- Complex logarithms, the principal logarithm, and principal and multivalued complex powers Definition
- Complex sine, cosine, hyperbolic sine, and hyperbolic cosine from the complex exponential Definition
- Continuous logarithms and continuous arguments along a contour Definition
- Diagonal Padé approximant to the exponential Definition
- Dirichlet series Definition
- Eigenphase estimation access model Definition
- Fourier coefficients and trigonometric polynomials on the torus Definition
- Fourier transform on complex L1 classes Definition
- Full-rank lattices, covolume, and the dual lattice Definition
- Hamiltonian-simulation polynomial target Definition
- Inner, singular inner and outer functions Definition
- Spherical Bessel and outgoing Hankel function conventions Definition
- The Bernoulli numbers are defined by the generating series t/(eᵗ-1) Definition
- The combined-field operator for smooth-boundary Helmholtz scattering Definition
- The complex-time heat kernel on a proper sector Definition
- The Jacobi theta function θ(t)=∑_n∈ℤ e^-π n² t for t>0 Definition
- The normalised sinc function Definition
- The phi-function family by everywhere-convergent series Definition
- The recursive radix-two fast Fourier transform Definition
- The Riemann zeta function on the half-plane Res>1 Definition
- The three-dimensional volume integral scattering model Definition
- The unitary discrete Fourier transform on ℤ/Nℤ Definition
- The unnormalised engineering DFT and its conversion to the unitary transform Definition
- Type-1, type-2, and type-3 nonuniform Fourier transforms Definition
- A continuous argument computed along a spiralling contour Example
- A simple zero of the Weierstrass sigma function on the square lattice Example
- A stable-spectrum nonnormal exponential has a large transient norm Example
- An outer function with a prescribed power of a vanishing modulus Example
- Arcsine equilibrium measure and capacity of a segment Example
- Boundary vanishing of a nonzero Hardy function is confined to a null set Example
- Capacity of a disc and its circular equilibrium measure Example
- Characteristics of a monomial, an exponential and a tangent Example
- Chebyshev extremals and the exact disk Fekete polynomial Example
- Componentwise holomorphy checked for an explicit map ℂ²→ℂ³ Example
- Cyclic convolution on ℤ/4ℤ via the DFT Example
…and 59 more results.
Dependency tree · two levels
44 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- J. Lebl, Basic Analysis I: Complex Numbers and the Complex Exponential (standard reference, not scraped)