How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Latitude and meridian intersections on the torus
Example
Let with (The two-dimensional torus ) carry the product smooth structure and product orientation (Products of smooth manifolds have a canonical product smooth structure, Product orientations). Let be the latitude circle and the meridian circle, both embedded oriented circles cutting out by the coordinate projections (A regular level set is an embedded submanifold). They meet transversely in the single point ; with the product orientation and the first-factor-first convention of The local oriented intersection sign the local sign is , so , while ; the mod 2 number is and can be computed without orientations. Perturbing to for a fixed nonzero class leaves the mod 2 number equal to as long as the trace stays transverse to .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: with the product smooth structure and product orientation, the latitude oriented by and the meridian oriented by in the positive product frame .
Give its standard quotient smooth structure: the projection is a diffeomorphism on sufficiently short intervals, and the overlap transitions are integer translations. The projection of covers , so it is compact. These local coordinates orient by the increasing real coordinate, and has the product smooth structure (The circle as with basepoint , The two-dimensional torus , Products of smooth manifolds have a canonical product smooth structure).
The coordinate circles are regular level sets of the coordinate projections, hence embedded submanifolds, and the tangent bundle of the product splits canonically as with the positive product frame (A regular level set is an embedded submanifold, Canonical tangent and cotangent splittings for products, Product orientations).
The local sign compares in that order with the orientation of , and the intersection number is the sum of the local signs over the finite transverse intersection (The local oriented intersection sign, The oriented intersection number, Transverse complementary-dimensional intersection sets).
The mod 2 intersection number is the cardinality of a transverse intersection modulo two and needs no orientation (The mod 2 intersection number); under it is invariant under homotopies of the map (The mod 2 intersection number is homotopy invariant).
Verification
By [F2] the sets and are embedded circles, and : a point of has second coordinate , a point of has first coordinate . At that point and , and is the positive product frame, so and are transverse and the local sign is by [F3]. Hence ; with the factors exchanged the ordered basis is negative, so .
The same computation counts mod two: the transverse intersection has one point, so by [F4], and no orientation hypothesis was used. For the perturbation, each with is again a meridian circle with at its unique intersection point with , so the intersection is transverse with one point and for every ; the explicit family thus has constant mod 2 count by this direct computation. Thus the example realizes the source's count and the sign asymmetry ; no choice principle is used: the circles, the product structure and the perturbation are explicit, the perturbation count is computed directly for every , without selecting a homotopy or applying classification.
Depends on
- Transverse complementary-dimensional intersection sets
- The mod 2 intersection number
- The mod 2 intersection number is homotopy invariant
- The local oriented intersection sign
- The oriented intersection number
- The two-dimensional torus $T^2=(\mathbb R/\mathbb Z)^2$
- The circle as $S^1=\mathbb R/\mathbb Z$ with basepoint $[0]$
- Products of smooth manifolds have a canonical product smooth structure
- Product orientations
- Canonical tangent and cotangent splittings for products
- A regular level set is an embedded submanifold
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Victor Guillemin and Alan Pollack, Differential Topology (Prentice-Hall, 1974; complete 236-page PDF) (standard reference, not scraped)