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The matrix-ring Morita pair with explicit tensor inverses

Example

Let k be a field and n≥1, let B=Mn(k) be the ring of n×n matrices over k (Finite rectangular matrices over a commutative ring, their entries, rows and columns, Matrix multiplication is associative, unital, distributive, and compatible with scalar multiplication, Mn(F) is a ring under entrywise addition and matrix multiplication, including the zero ring M0(F)), relabel the row and column indices as 1,…,n and let e=E11, and put A=eBe=ke≅k. Then M=Be is a (B,A)-bimodule, N=eB is an (A,B)-bimodule, and the multiplication maps μN:  eB⊗BBe⟶eBe,x⊗y⟼xy, μM:  Be⊗AeB⟶B,m⊗n⟼mn, are isomorphisms of bimodules, with inverses a↦e⊗a and Eij↦Ei1⊗E1j extended k-linearly. Hence k and Mn(k) are Morita equivalent, realized by the inverse pair of bimodules (M,N) (Morita equivalence is invertibility of a bimodule). No choice is used.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A field k, an integer n≥1, B=Mn(k) with row and column indices relabelled 1,…,n and matrix units Eij (Matrix units Eij and the Kronecker delta), e=E11, and A=eBe.

[F2]

In a (B,A)-bimodule the left B-action and right A-action commute, and A=ke acts on Be by scalar multiplication ((S,R)-bimodules and commuting left and right scalar actions).

[F3]

A k-bilinear map that is balanced descends to a unique homomorphism out of the tensor product, and an elementary-tensor prescription descends exactly when its pairing is balanced (Universal property of the tensor product for balanced maps into abelian groups, A formula on elementary tensors defines a homomorphism exactly when its underlying pairing is balanced, Field).

[F4]

Morita equivalent rings are exactly the pairs admitting bimodules BMA, ANB with bimodule isomorphisms N⊗BM≅AAA and M⊗AN≅BBB (Morita equivalence is invertibility of a bimodule).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1F1givenalgebra

(The four subspaces.) Since bE11 is the matrix whose first column is the first column of b and whose other columns vanish, Be={∑iaiEi1:ai∈k}; dually eB={∑jcjE1j:cj∈k}, and eBe=kE11 with e=E11 as identity, so A=kE11≅k as a field, the isomorphism being λ↦λe. The products land where claimed because E1jEi1=δjiE11 and Ei1E1j=Eij by [F1].

2.1F1F2step 1.1given

(The bimodule structures.) Left multiplication by B and right multiplication by A⊆B make M=Be a (B,A)-bimodule: both actions are k-linear, and associativity of matrix multiplication gives b(ma)=(bm)a for b∈B, m∈Be, a∈A, with A=ke acting by scalar multiplication by [F2]. Symmetrically N=eB is an (A,B)-bimodule.

3.1F1F3step 1.1step 2.1givenalgebra

(μN.) The pairing (x,y)↦xy from eB×Be to eBe is k-bilinear and B-balanced: ((xb)y)=x(by) by associativity for b∈B; by [F3] it descends to a homomorphism μN with μN(x⊗y)=xy, which is a map of (A,A)-bimodules because both the product and the tensor actions are induced from the two factors. The map eBe→eB⊗BBe, a↦e⊗a, is well defined, and for x∈eB, y∈Be one has x=ex and hence x⊗y=(ex)⊗y=e⊗(xy) by B-balance, so the two composites are the identities: μN(e⊗a)=a for a∈eBe and e⊗xy=x⊗y. Hence μN is an isomorphism of (A,A)-bimodules.

3.2F1F3step 2.1givenalgebra

(μM.) The pairing (m,n)↦mn from Be×eB to B is k-bilinear and balanced over A=kE11: (mE11)n=m(E11n) is a case of associativity, and scalar balancing holds because A=k acts as scalars by [F2]. By [F3] it descends to a homomorphism μM with μM(m⊗n)=mn, a map of (B,B)-bimodules. Define the k-linear inverse on the basis {Eij} by Eij↦Ei1⊗E1j; this is well defined because the matrix units form a k-basis of B, and μM(Ei1⊗E1j)=Ei1E1j=Eij. Conversely, writing m=∑iaiEi1 and n=∑jcjE1j one has m⊗n=∑i,jaicjEi1⊗E1j and mn=∑i,jaicjEij, so the two composites are the identities on a spanning set and hence everywhere. Thus μM is an isomorphism of (B,B)-bimodules.

4.1F4step 3.1step 3.2∎

(Conclusion.) Step 3.1 gives the bimodule isomorphism N⊗BM≅eBe=A and step 3.2 gives M⊗AN≅B, so by [F4] the rings A≅k and B=Mn(k) are Morita equivalent with inverse pair of bimodules (M,N); the explicit inverses are a↦e⊗a and Eij↦Ei1⊗E1j extended k-linearly, and the only elements used are the fixed matrix units, so no choice is used.

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