Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-02
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Under choice, the Niemytzki plane is Tychonoff and locally metrizable but not normal, paracompact, or metrizable

Example

Assume the Axiom of Choice. On M=R×[0,∞), take ordinary Euclidean disks about points of positive height and, at (a,0), the sets consisting of (a,0) together with an open Euclidean disk tangent to the boundary there. The resulting Niemytzki plane is Tychonoff and locally metrizable, but not normal, paracompact, or metrizable.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The tangent-disk family described in the example and the Axiom of Choice.

[L2]

Under choice, if a closed discrete subspace D of a normal space has dense subset E, then 2∣D∣≤2∣E∣ (Jones's bound: under choice, a closed discrete subspace of a normal space cannot have more subsets than a dense set has subsets).

[L4]

E=Q×Q>0 is at most countable: Q is countably infinite, Q>0⊆Q is at most countable, and a product of two at-most-countable sets is at most countable. In particular E injects into N (Q is countably infinite, Every subset of an at most countable set is at most countable, A product of two at most countable sets is at most countable, Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable).

[L5]

There is no bijection P(N)≈P(P(N)), while injections in both directions would yield one (Cantor's theorem: A≺P(A), The Schröder-Bernstein theorem). A paracompact Hausdorff space is normal (Every paracompact Hausdorff space is normal).

[L6]

Complete regularity separates every point from every disjoint closed set by a continuous [0,1]-valued map, and Tychonoff means complete regular plus T1 (Completely regular spaces and Tychonoff (T312) spaces).

[L7]

Hausdorff means that distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods, while T1 asks for an open set about each of two distinct points that misses the other (Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not, T0 (Kolmogorov) and T1 (Frechet) spaces).

Verification

technique · contradiction
1.1

Tangent disks and ordinary disks satisfy [L1]: intersections at a positive-height point contain a small ordinary disk, and a tangent disk at a boundary point contains a smaller tangent disk. Distinct points have disjoint such members: use small ordinary disks above the boundary, and for a boundary point (a,0) choose a sufficiently small tangent disk, whose closure is tangent only at (a,0). Thus M is Hausdorff and hence T1 by the two disjoint opens. The boundary D=R×{0} is closed and discrete, while E=Q×Q>0 is countable and dense by the rational-density property.

L1L7
1.2

Suppose the plane were normal. Then [L2] gives an injection P(D)→P(E). For the cardinal bridge in [L3], binary sequences map bijectively to the Cantor set and hence inject into R; x↦{q∈Q:ι(q)<x} injects R into P(Q) by rational density; Q≈N transports the latter to P(N); and characteristic functions identify P(N) with binary sequences. Schröder--Bernstein therefore gives R≈P(N), and the projection transports this to D≈P(N). By [L4], an injection E→N induces an injection P(E)→P(N), while the just-established bijection gives P(D)≈P(P(N)). Their composite is therefore an injection P(P(N))→P(N). The singleton map supplies the reverse injection, so [L5] makes this impossible.

assume-contraL2L3L4L5
2.1

The tangent-disk coordinate charts obtained by radial projection from the tangency point give metrizable neighbourhoods at boundary points; Euclidean disks do so above the boundary. To separate a point p from a closed F not containing it, first take a basic neighbourhood of p disjoint from F. If p=(a,0), choose a tangent disk Tr(p) disjoint from F and define f(p)=1 and, for (u,v) with v>0, f(u,v)=max⁡ ⁣{0,1−(u−a)2+v2rv}. Its support is the smaller tangent disk Tr/2(p), and f→1 at p because (u−a)2+v2<εrv is exactly membership in a sufficiently small tangent disk. It is ordinarily continuous above the boundary and zero on a tangent neighbourhood of every other boundary point, so it is continuous on M and vanishes on F. If p has positive height, an ordinary Euclidean bump supported in a small disk disjoint from F and from the boundary has the same properties, extended by zero elsewhere. Thus M is completely regular; with the T1 conclusion of step 1.1, [L6] makes it Tychonoff and locally metrizable.

L6step 1.1
3.1

Hence the plane is not normal. If it were paracompact, its Tychonoff property gives Hausdorffness and [L5] would make it normal; if it were metrizable, Stone's theorem, under choice: every metric space is paracompact would make it paracompact. Both are impossible.

L5step 2.1step 1.2
4.1

This proves the stated profile.

step 2.1step 3.1discharge-contradiction∎

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

105 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources