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ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-14
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  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
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Oriented two-plane bundles over the two-sphere by winding number

Example

Oriented real two-plane bundles over S2 are indexed by the winding number m∈Z of their clutching map in π1(SO⁡(2)). Reversing the chosen fiber orientation sends m to −m.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: oriented rank-two real vector bundles over S2.

[F1]

Oriented rank-n bundles over Sk are classified by [Sk−1,SO⁡(n)], and reversing the chosen fiber orientation conjugates the clutching map by a reflection (Oriented clutching classifies oriented bundles over spheres).

[F2]

The degree map identifies the fundamental group of the circle with Z (Deg⁡:π1(R/Z,[0])→(Z,+) is an isomorphism).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1F2construct

The map R:R/Z→SO⁡(2) defined by R([t])=(cos⁡(2πt)−sin⁡(2πt)sin⁡(2πt)cos⁡(2πt)) is a continuous group isomorphism with continuous inverse obtained from the oriented angle of the first column. Hence [F2] gives π1(SO⁡(2),I)≅Z, with the class of t↦R([mt]) corresponding to m.

2.1F1step 1.1

Apply [F1] with n=k=2. Since SO⁡(2) is path connected, the unbased set [S1,SO⁡(2)] is identified with its fundamental group; it is abelian, so changing the path used to the basepoint causes no conjugacy ambiguity. Step 1.1 therefore assigns exactly one integer m to each oriented bundle, and every m is realized by clutching with t↦R([mt]). In particular m=0 gives the trivial oriented bundle.

3.1F1step 1.1step 2.1algebra∎

Take the reflection r=diag⁡(1,−1). Direct multiplication gives rR([t])r−1=R([−t]). Thus the orientation-reversal action from [F1] sends the loop of winding m to the loop of winding −m, as asserted. The calculation uses no choice principle.

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

11 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources