Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (z-ai/glm-5.2)audited 2026-07-29
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

A discrete space satisfies every axiom in the chain; an indiscrete space with two points is regular, completely regular, normal, completely normal and perfectly normal, and fails T0

Example

Let X be a set with the discrete topology Tdisc=P(X), and let Y={a,b} with a≠b carry the indiscrete topology Tind={∅,Y} (The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies). Then:

  1. (X,Tdisc) satisfies every axiom named on the main page: it is T1, Hausdorff, Urysohn, regular, completely regular, normal, completely normal and perfectly normal, hence T0, T1, T2, T212, T3, T312, T4, T5 and T6.
  2. (Y,Tind) is regular, completely regular, normal, completely normal and perfectly normal, and it is not T0, hence not T1, not Hausdorff and not Urysohn; and it is not metrizable (Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not).

Clause 2 is the sharpest form of the observation that the unnumbered adjectives carry no information about points: a space may satisfy all five of them and still fail to distinguish any pair of its points. That is exactly what the numerals T3 to T6 are for.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A set X with Tdisc=P(X); the set Y={a,b} with a≠b and Tind={∅,Y}; subsets A,B of the space under discussion; and R with its usual topology.

[L2]

A and B are separated when A‾∩B=A∩B‾=∅; separated sets are disjoint (Separated sets: A‾∩B=A∩B‾=∅).

[L4]

A set is a Gδ when it is an intersection of a sequence of open sets; every open set is a Gδ, by the constant sequence (Gδ and Fσ subsets of a topological space, agreeing with the real-line notion).

[L6]

A metrizable space is Hausdorff, so a space that is not Hausdorff is not metrizable (Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

In (X,Tdisc) every singleton is closed by [A1], so the space is T1 by [L7], hence T0.

A1L7
1.2

In (X,Tdisc) distinct points x≠y have the disjoint open neighbourhoods {x} and {y}, whose closures are themselves by [A1] and [L3]; so the space is Hausdorff and Urysohn.

A1L1L3
1.3

In (X,Tdisc) let A and B be separated, hence disjoint by [L2]; then A and B are themselves disjoint open sets containing them, so the space is completely normal, and in particular normal, every pair of disjoint closed sets being separated by [L2] and [L3].

A1L1L2L3
1.4

In (X,Tdisc) let C be closed and x0∉C; the function f with f(x0)=1 and f(x)=0 for x≠x0 takes values in [0,1] and is continuous by [L5], and it satisfies f(x0)=1 and f(y)=0 for every y∈C, since x0∉C, so the space is completely regular; taking U:={x0} and V:=C shows it is regular.

A1L1L5
1.5

In (Y,Tind) the only open set containing a is Y, which also contains b, and likewise with a and b exchanged; so no open set contains exactly one of them and the space is not T0, hence not T1, not Hausdorff and not Urysohn, and not metrizable by [L6].

A2L1L6
1.6

In (Y,Tind) the closed sets are ∅ and Y by [A2], so ∅‾=∅ and A‾=Y for every nonempty A, the smallest closed superset of a nonempty set being Y.

A2L3
1.7

In (Y,Tind) let C be closed with y0∉C; then C≠Y, so C=∅ by [A2], and the constant function 1 is continuous by [L5] with f(y0)=1 and f[C]=∅⊆{0} vacuously, so the space is completely regular; and U:=Y, V:=∅ are disjoint open sets separating y0 from C, so it is regular.

A2L1L5
2.1

In (X,Tdisc) every closed set is open by [A1], hence a Gδ by [L4]; with step 1.3 the space is perfectly normal.

step 1.3A1L4
2.2

In (Y,Tind) a separated pair A,B has an empty member: if both were nonempty then A‾∩B=Y∩B=B≠∅ by step 1.6, contradicting [L2].

step 1.6L2
3.1

By steps 1.1 to 1.5 the discrete space satisfies every axiom listed in claim 1, and the numbered forms follow, each numeral being its adjective together with T1, which holds by step 1.1.

step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3step 2.1step 1.4
3.2

In (Y,Tind), given a separated pair with, say, A=∅, the open sets U:=∅ and V:=Y separate them, and symmetrically when B=∅; so the space is completely normal, and normal, disjoint closed sets being separated by [L2] and step 1.6.

step 1.6step 2.2A2L1L2
4.1

In (Y,Tind) both closed sets ∅ and Y are open by [A2], hence Gδ by [L4]; with step 3.2 the space is perfectly normal.

step 3.2A2L4
5.1

Steps 3.2, 4.1, 1.7 and 1.5 are claim 2, and step 3.1 is claim 1.

step 3.1step 1.5step 3.2step 4.1step 1.7∎

Remarks

  • The two extremes bracket the whole page. Every topology on a set lies between the indiscrete and the discrete one in the comparison order (The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies), and the two ends of that order sit at opposite ends of the separation hierarchy: the discrete topology satisfies everything, the indiscrete topology on two points satisfies every unnumbered adjective and no numbered axiom at all.

  • The indiscrete space is the reason the numerals exist. It refutes at a stroke any reading of "normal", "completely normal", "perfectly normal", "regular" or "completely regular" as implying a separation of points; the main page records the normal case as a false statement, and the argument here shows the same for the other four adjectives.

  • The discrete space is metrizable and the indiscrete one is not. Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not records the second, the failure of the Hausdorff condition being an obstruction to metrizability; the first is not needed here, since every axiom was verified directly rather than quoted from the metric theorems of the main page.

Depends on

Used by

Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Dependency tree · two levels

61 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.

Sources