Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-26
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At p=2 the Heisenberg construction produces Dih⁡(C4), not a group of exponent 2

Example

At p=2 the Heisenberg construction produces Dih⁡(C4), not a group of exponent 2.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The objects and hypotheses in the Example.

[F1]

The Heisenberg group of order p3 is the set (Z/p)3 with (a,b,c)(a′,b′,c′)=(a+a′,b+b′,c+c′+ab′) (The Heisenberg group of order p3 over Z/p).

[L1]

The Heisenberg multiplication makes (Z/p)3 a nonabelian group of order p3 (The Heisenberg multiplication is a group law, nonabelian, on a set of p3 elements).

[L2]

The Heisenberg group of order p3 is extraspecial, and for odd p it has exponent p (The Heisenberg group of order p3 is extraspecial, and for odd p it has exponent p).

[L3]

Every nonabelian group of order p3 is extraspecial (A nonabelian group of order p3 is extraspecial).

[L4]

The generalized dihedral group Dih⁡(C4) and the quaternion group Q8 are extraspecial of order 8, with six and two solutions of x2=1 respectively (Dih⁡(C4) and Q8 are extraspecial of order 8, with six and two solutions of x2=1 respectively).

[L5]

The two nonabelian groups of order eight are Dih⁡(C4) and Q8 (For each prime there are exactly two nonabelian groups of order p3 up to isomorphism).

[L6]

The order of a finite group. Let G be a group whose underlying set is finite, so that G≈n for some n∈N. (The order ∣G∣ of a finite group and the order ord⁡(g) of an element, with ord⁡(g)=∞ when no positive power of g is the identity).

Verification

technique · constructive
1.1F1L1L6construct

At p=2 the Heisenberg multiplication gives a nonabelian group of order eight, and the element (1,1,0) has square (0,0,1) and fourth power the identity, so it has order four.

1.2F1L5algebra

For (a,b,c)∈(Z/2)3 one has (a,b,c)2=(0,0,ab), so exactly the six elements with ab=0 satisfy x2=1.

2.1L3L4L5step 1.2

By [L3] the group is extraspecial of order eight, and [L5] says it is isomorphic to Dih⁡(C4) or Q8; [L4] distinguishes those two by the number of solutions of x2=1. Step 1.2 therefore identifies the Heisenberg group at p=2 with Dih⁡(C4).

3.1L2L6step 1.1discharge-construct∎

The element of order four from step 1.1 shows that the exponent is four, so the odd-p exponent-p conclusion does not extend to p=2.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources