How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
False: density measures require an orientation
Statement
False assertion: a nonorientable smooth manifold cannot carry a positive smooth density measure.
A counterexample is the open Möbius strip : it is a smooth nonorientable surface carrying the descended positive smooth density .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Assume . Manifolds are Hausdorff, second countable and smooth, with boundary allowed; is allowed unless excluded. Densities are pointwise Borel, , and . Explicit nonorientable Möbius witness, with the source used at its Refutation rather than its weaker Statement.
Oriented smooth manifolds and oriented charts: An orientation is a smooth choice of a determinant ray at every point.
Positive smooth densities give Radon volume: A finite positive smooth density gives a Radon measure.
Existence of positive smooth densities: Positive smooth densities exist also on nonorientable manifolds.
Refutation
Let act on and let be the quotient. It is open since is open for every open . Rectangles of -width less than one have disjoint translates, so restricts to a homeomorphism from each such rectangle onto an open chart. The quotient is Hausdorff: for two inequivalent points, first choose bounded neighborhoods; only finitely many integer translates can intersect them because their -coordinates are bounded, and shrink the neighborhoods to exclude each of these finitely many intersections. Their quotient images then separate the two orbits. Images of rational rectangles form a countable base. Transition maps are restrictions of powers of , hence smooth. If M had an orientation, its pullback to X would be a smooth sign relative to the coordinate frame. This sign is constant because X is connected (any two points are joined by a straight segment). But implies , contradicting constancy. Thus M is a smooth nonorientable surface.
The explicit local coefficient one gives . Since has absolute determinant one, all transition powers preserve this density. It descends to a positive smooth density on , an explicit instance of the general existence theorem. Its coefficients are finite, so it defines a Radon measure. This nonorientable witness refutes the assertion.
Depends on
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
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Sources
- Lee Proposition 16.37 and following explanation p.430 (standard reference, not scraped)